Climate change mitigation refers to any action taken by governments, businesses or people to reduce or prevent greenhouse gases, or to enhance carbon sinks that remove them from the atmosphere. These gases trap heat from the sun in our planet’s atmosphere, keeping it warm. 

Since the industrial era began, human activities have led to the release of dangerous levels of greenhouse gases, causing global warming and climate change. However, despite unequivocal research about the impact of our activities on the planet’s climate and growing awareness of the severe danger climate change poses to our societies, greenhouse gas emissions keep rising. If we can slow down the rise in greenhouse gases, we can slow down the pace of climate change and avoid its worst consequences.

Reducing greenhouse gases can be achieved by:

• Shifting away from fossil fuels: Fossil fuels are the biggest source of greenhouse gases, so transitioning to modern renewable energy sources like solar, wind and geothermal power, and advancing sustainable modes of transportation, is crucial.
• Improving energy efficiency: Using less energy overall – in buildings, industries, public and private spaces, energy generation and transmission, and transportation – helps reduce emissions. This can be achieved by using thermal comfort standards, better insulation and energy efficient appliances, and by improving building design, energy transmission systems and vehicles.
• Changing agricultural practices: Certain farming methods release high amounts of methane and nitrous oxide, which are potent greenhouse gases. Regenerative agricultural practices – including enhancing soil health, reducing livestock-related emissions, direct seeding techniques and using cover crops – support mitigation, improve resilience and decrease the cost burden on farmers.
• The sustainable management and conservation of forests: Forests act as carbon sinks, absorbing carbon dioxide and reducing the overall concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Measures to reduce deforestation and forest degradation are key for climate mitigation and generate multiple additional benefits such as biodiversity conservation and improved water cycles.
• Restoring and conserving critical ecosystems: In addition to forests, ecosystems such as wetlands, peatlands, and grasslands, as well as coastal biomes such as mangrove forests, also contribute significantly to carbon sequestration, while supporting biodiversity and enhancing climate resilience.
• Creating a supportive environment: Investments, policies and regulations that encourage emission reductions, such as incentives, carbon pricing and limits on emissions from key sectors are crucial to driving climate change mitigation.

What is the 1.5°C goal and why do we need to stick to it?

In 2015, 196 Parties to the UN Climate Convention in Paris adopted the Paris Agreement, a landmark international treaty, aimed at curbing global warming and addressing the effects of climate change. Its core ambition is to cap the rise in global average temperatures to well below 2°C above levels observed prior to the industrial era, while pursuing efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C.

The 1.5°C goal is extremely important, especially for vulnerable communities already experiencing severe climate change impacts. Limiting warming below 1.5°C will translate into less extreme weather events and sea level rise, less stress on food production and water access, less biodiversity and ecosystem loss, and a lower chance of irreversible climate consequences.

To limit global warming to the critical threshold of 1.5°C, it is imperative for the world to undertake significant mitigation action. This requires a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 45 percent before 2030 and achieving net-zero emissions by mid-century.

What are the policy instruments that countries can use to drive mitigation?

Everyone has a role to play in climate change mitigation, from individuals adopting sustainable habits and advocating for change to governments implementing regulations, providing incentives and facilitating investments. The private sector, particularly those businesses and companies responsible for causing high emissions, should take a leading role in innovating, funding and driving climate change mitigation solutions. 

International collaboration and technology transfer is also crucial given the global nature and size of the challenge. As the main platform for international cooperation on climate action, the Paris Agreement has set forth a series of responsibilities and policy tools for its signatories. One of the primary instruments for achieving the goals of the treaty is Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). These are the national climate pledges that each Party is required to develop and update every five years. NDCs articulate how each country will contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhance climate resilience.
 
While NDCs include short- to medium-term targets, long-term low emission development strategies (LT-LEDS) are policy tools under the Paris Agreement through which countries must show how they plan to achieve carbon neutrality by mid-century. These strategies define a long-term vision that gives coherence and direction to shorter-term national climate targets.

At the same time, the call for climate change mitigation has evolved into a call for reparative action, where high-income countries are urged to rectify past and ongoing contributions to the climate crisis. This approach reflects the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) which advocates for climate justice, recognizing the unequal historical responsibility for the climate crisis, emphasizing that wealthier countries, having profited from high-emission activities, bear a greater obligation to lead in mitigating these impacts. This includes not only reducing their own emissions, but also supporting vulnerable countries in their transition to low-emission development pathways.

Another critical aspect is ensuring a just transition for workers and communities that depend on the fossil fuel industry and its many connected industries. This process must prioritize social equity and create alternative employment opportunities as part of the shift towards renewable energy and more sustainable practices.

For emerging economies, innovation and advancements in technology have now demonstrated that robust economic growth can be achieved with clean, sustainable energy sources. By integrating renewable energy technologies such as solar, wind and geothermal power into their growth strategies, these economies can reduce their emissions, enhance energy security and create new economic opportunities and jobs. This shift not only contributes to global mitigation efforts but also sets a precedent for sustainable development.

What are some of the challenges slowing down climate change mitigation efforts?

Mitigating climate change is fraught with complexities, including the global economy's deep-rooted dependency on fossil fuels and the accompanying challenge of eliminating fossil fuel subsidies. This reliance – and the vested interests that have a stake in maintaining it – presents a significant barrier to transitioning to sustainable energy sources.

The shift towards decarbonization and renewable energy is driving increased demand for critical minerals such as copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt, and rare earth metals. Since new mining projects can take up to 15 years to yield output, mineral supply chains could become a bottleneck for decarbonization efforts. In addition, these minerals are predominantly found in a few, mostly low-income countries, which could heighten supply chain vulnerabilities and geopolitical tensions.

Furthermore, due to the significant demand for these minerals and the urgency of the energy transition, the scaled-up investment in the sector has the potential to exacerbate environmental degradation, economic and governance risks, and social inequalities, affecting the rights of Indigenous Peoples, local communities, and workers. Addressing these concerns necessitates implementing social and environmental safeguards, embracing circular economy principles, and establishing and enforcing responsible policies and regulations.

Agriculture is currently the largest driver of deforestation worldwide. A transformation in our food systems to reverse the impact that agriculture has on forests and biodiversity is undoubtedly a complex challenge. But it is also an important opportunity. The latest IPCC report highlights that adaptation and mitigation options related to land, water and food offer the greatest potential in responding to the climate crisis. Shifting to regenerative agricultural practices will not only ensure a healthy, fair and stable food supply for the world’s population, but also help to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

What are some examples of climate change mitigation?

In Mauritius, UNDP, with funding from the Green Climate Fund, has supported the government to install battery energy storage capacity that has enabled 50 MW of intermittent renewable energy to be connected to the grid, helping to avoid 81,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide annually. 

In Indonesia, UNDP has been working with the government for over a decade to support sustainable palm oil production. In 2019, the country adopted a National Action Plan on Sustainable Palm Oil, which was collaboratively developed by government, industry and civil society representatives. The plan increased the adoption of practices to minimize the adverse social and environmental effects of palm oil production and to protect forests. Since 2015, 37 million tonnes of direct greenhouse gas emissions have been avoided and 824,000 hectares of land with high conservation value have been protected.

In Moldova and Paraguay, UNDP has helped set up Green City Labs that are helping build more sustainable cities. This is achieved by implementing urban land use and mobility planning, prioritizing energy efficiency in residential buildings, introducing low-carbon public transport, implementing resource-efficient waste management, and switching to renewable energy sources. 

UNDP has supported the governments of Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador and Indonesia to implement results-based payments through the REDD+ (Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries) framework. These include payments for environmental services and community forest management programmes that channel international climate finance resources to local actors on the ground, specifically forest communities and Indigenous Peoples. 

UNDP is also supporting small island developing states like the Comoros to invest in renewable energy and sustainable infrastructure. Through the Africa Minigrids Program, solar minigrids will be installed in two priority communities, Grand Comore and Moheli, providing energy access through distributed renewable energy solutions to those hardest to reach.

And in South Africa, a UNDP initative to boost energy efficiency awareness among the general population and improve labelling standards has taken over commercial shopping malls.

What is UNDP’s role in supporting climate change mitigation?

UNDP aims to assist countries with their climate change mitigation efforts, guiding them towards sustainable, low-carbon and climate-resilient development. This support is in line with achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly those related to affordable and clean energy (SDG7), sustainable cities and communities (SDG11), and climate action (SDG13). Specifically, UNDP’s offer of support includes developing and improving legislation and policy, standards and regulations, capacity building, knowledge dissemination, and financial mobilization for countries to pilot and scale-up mitigation solutions such as renewable energy projects, energy efficiency initiatives and sustainable land-use practices. 

With financial support from the Global Environment Facility and the Green Climate Fund, UNDP has an active portfolio of 94 climate change mitigation projects in 69 countries. These initiatives are not only aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, but also at contributing to sustainable and resilient development pathways.

Abstract

Increasing temperatures and altered precipitation regimes associated with human-caused changes in the earth s climate are having substantial impacts on ecological systems and human well-being. Maintaining functioning ecosystems, the provision of ecosystem services, and healthy human populations into the future will require integrating adaptation and mitigation strategies. Adaptation strategies are actions that help human and natural systems accommodate changes. Mitigation strategies are actions that reduce anthropogenic influences on climate. Here, we provide an overview of what will likely be some of the most effective and most important mitigation and adaptation strategies for addressing climate change. In addition to describing the ways in which these strategies can address impacts to natural and human systems, we discuss the social considerations that we believe must be incorporated into the development and application of mitigation or adaptation strategies to address political situations, cultural differences, and economic limitations.

One of the first moves Trump made after his inauguration was to issue a wide-ranging executive order ending the federal government’s diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI) programs and firing the public servants who lead that work. He has moved to end affirmative action programs in federal procurement. He has threatened colleges and universities, intimidated non-profit organizations, and removed Black and women leaders from the nation’s military leadership.

Across the country, Black History Month proceeded against the backdrop of relentless attempts to erase Black history. Enemies of justice have sought to erase history so that past injustices cannot be connected to present inequities. Those who fear racial equality have always understood the importance of silencing stories that give people the hope and the means to build a better future. This whitewashing is a clear and present danger to an inclusive democracy. If Americans do not reflect on slavery’s enduring legacy, on Reconstruction and its violent backlash, on Jim Crow and its transformation into modern mass incarceration, then they cannot fully understand why racial injustice persists today and they will not be equipped to fight it. Now, with President Trump in office, the wind is at their back as he and his allies attempt to bludgeon Black history and Black futures at the highest levels.

But this is not just about how we study history. Much of American history can be understood as the struggle to build an infrastructure of racial justice. That includes the fight to end residential segregation and connect communities of color to opportunity, and the fight to pass and enforce laws like the Reconstruction amendments and the Civil Rights Movement-era laws that sought to move Black Americans closer to the American dream. What we are seeing today is a full-scale attack on that infrastructure; the deeply interconnected systems that make racial justice victories real. This infrastructure includes laws grounded in the 14th Amendment’s promise of equal protection under the law and the benefits of citizenship regardless of race; enforcement structures like the Equal Opportunity Employment Commission or the Civil Rights Division of the Department of Justice; pathways to upward mobility like the federal workforce; social norms that ensure fair treatment in businesses; the network of activists, educators, and journalists who inform and organize; and, yes, the teaching of Black history. The very laws and policies that sought to bring us closer together are being rapidly dismantled.

The fight for racial justice has never been won by laws alone. Legal rulings can declare rights, but they cannot enforce them. Legislation can assert equality, but it cannot guarantee justice. What makes racial justice victories real is the broader infrastructure that brings together the power and rights embodied in law, the enforcement mechanisms of both our laws and our social norms and customs, and the strength of communities to fight threats to their families and neighbors. This was the infrastructure that allowed Charles Hamilton Houston and other pioneers to lay the legal groundwork for Brown v. Board of Education. It was the infrastructure that allowed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 to not just outlaw discriminatory voting practices, but also mobilize communities to claim their right to vote. It was the infrastructure that opened doors to education and economic opportunities that had long been denied to Black people. It is this infrastructure that continues to hold up communities around the country who are fighting against industrial projects that would pollute their air and transportation projects that threaten to flatten their homes.

Yet, this infrastructure—built over centuries—is fragile. Today, the news is full of stories about attacks on affirmative action,DEI and people of color who have managed to find some measure of success in traditionally white spaces. Legal decisions, particularly from Chief Justice John Roberts’ Supreme Court have undermined the effectiveness of laws such as the Voting Rights Act, which is responsible for broadly expanding the right to vote in the face of vicious restrictions on Black voting; and policies such as affirmative action in higher education, which has increased access to higher education for underrepresented racial and ethnic groups who face systemic barriers to education and admissions criteria that capture and magnify racial bias.

In many ways, this has always been the way of history. Progress has always been met with retrenchment. We take two steps forward, and then one step back. Yet throughout the country, activists, political leaders, lawyers, and everyday Americans are organizing to resist the retrenchment, as they have throughout American history. The infrastructure of racial justice is fragile, yes. But it is not broken. If we protect it, it will remain standing.

Addressing gender bias is essential for creating a more equitable and inclusive world. In this article, we’ll explore the key issues related to gender bias and outline effective strategies to bring about change.

What is gender bias?

Gender bias refers to the preferential treatment or discrimination against individuals based on their gender. It’s often subtle and can manifest in various ways, impacting people differently depending on their gender identity.

differently depending on their gender identity.There are two types of gender biases:

• Unconscious bias. Unconscious gender bias are the biases we hold without realizing it. They can influence decisions and behaviors without us even being aware.
• Implicit bias. Similar to unconscious bias, implicit bias involves attitudes or stereotypes that unconsciously affect our understanding, actions, and decisions.

For example, a manager might unknowingly favor male candidates over female candidates during the hiring process because of unconscious stereotypes about gender roles.

Impact on different genders

Gender bias affects everyone differently:

• Women in the workplace often face challenges, including the gender pay gap, limited access to leadership roles, and sexual harassment.
• Men might be discouraged from pursuing careers in caregiving or other roles traditionally seen as “female.”
• Non-binary individuals face a unique set of challenges, as traditional gender roles don’t accommodate their identities, leading to exclusion or misunderstanding.

Understanding these differences is crucial for addressing gender bias in an inclusive and effective way.

7 Key issues in gender bias

Gender discrimination is a complex issue with many facets. Let’s look at some of the most significant challenges contributing to the pervasive problem of biases.

1. Gender pay gap and wage disparities

The gender pay gap is one of the most talked-about issues related to gender bias. Despite progress, women still earn less than men for the same work in many industries.

• On average, women earn about 82 cents for every dollar earned by men in the United States.
• The wage gap is even wider for women of color, with Black women earning only 63 cents and Latina women earning 55 cents for every dollar earned by white men.

These disparities have a broad economic impact, limiting women’s financial independence and contributing to overall gender inequality.

2. Gender inequality in leadership

Leadership roles remain predominantly occupied by men, with women often underrepresented at the top levels of organizations. This is partly due to the glass ceiling – an invisible barrier that prevents women from rising to leadership positions despite their qualifications.

In Fortune 500 companies, women hold only about 8.2% of CEO positions. Societal expectations and gender stereotypes often lead to women being overlooked for leadership roles, perpetuating gender inequality.

3. Sexual harassment and microaggressions

Sexual harassment and microaggressions are pervasive issues that significantly impact women’s experiences in the workplace.

• 81% of women report experiencing some form of sexual harassment during their careers.
• Microaggressions – subtle, often unintentional, discriminatory comments or actions – can undermine women’s confidence and contribute to a hostile work environment.

These issues not only affect women’s mental health but also their career advancement, leading to a vicious cycle of inequality.

4. Intersectional gender bias

Intersectional gender bias considers how gender intersects with other identities, such as race, ethnicity, and sexuality. Women of color, in particular, face compounded discrimination that can be more challenging to address.

Black women and Latina women often experience bias not just because of their gender but also due to their race and ethnicity. These biases manifest in various ways, including hiring discrimination, pay disparities, and limited access to career advancement opportunities.

5. Bias in hiring, promotions, and evaluations

Gender bias in the hiring process, promotions, and performance evaluations is a significant barrier to gender equality in the workplace.

Job descriptions may be written in a way that subtly discourages women from applying, while resumes from male candidates are often viewed more favorably.

Promotion processes can also be biased, with men being more likely to be promoted based on potential, while women are promoted based on proven performance.

Biases like these contribute to disparities in career advancement and the persistent underrepresentation of women in leadership roles.

6. Impact of gender bias in STEM fields

Gender bias is particularly pronounced in STEM fields (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics), where women are significantly underrepresented.

Stereotypes that portray STEM as a “male” field deter many young women from pursuing careers in these areas.

Women in STEM often face additional challenges, such as isolation, lack of mentorship, and bias in hiring and promotions.

These factors contribute to the ongoing gender gap in STEM, limiting the diversity of thought and innovation in these critical fields.

7. Gender roles and stereotypes

Traditional gender roles and stereotypes play a significant role in reinforcing bias. Society often expects men and women to behave in certain ways, which can limit opportunities and perpetuate inequality.

• Women might be seen as more nurturing, leading to assumptions that they should take on caregiving roles.
• Men are often perceived as more assertive, leading to a preference for male candidates in leadership positions.

These stereotypes don’t just affect men and women; they also impact non-binary and other gender identities. People who don’t conform to traditional gender roles can face additional biases and challenges.

Strategies for reducing gender bias in your company

Addressing gender bias requires proactive strategies and a commitment to change. Here are some effective approaches that organizations can take to mitigate gender bias and promote gender equity.

Bias training and DEI initiatives

Bias training and diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives are essential tools for addressing unconscious and implicit gender biases.

Bias training helps individuals recognize and mitigate their biases, leading to more equitable decision-making, while DEI initiatives focus on creating an inclusive workplace where everyone feels valued and respected, regardless of gender.

Successful DEI programs often include:

• Regular training sessions to keep bias awareness top of mind.
• Inclusive hiring practices that focus on diversity.
• Employee resource groups (ERGs) that provide support and advocacy for underrepresented groups.

Promoting gender diversity and equal opportunities

Promoting gender diversity in leadership and decision-making roles helps create a more equitable workplace.

• Organizations can implement gender quotas to ensure women are represented in leadership positions.
• Initiatives like blind recruitment can help eliminate bias in the hiring process, ensuring that candidates are evaluated solely on their skills and qualifications.

Providing equal opportunities for women and other genders is not just about fairness – it also benefits organizations by bringing diverse perspectives and ideas to the table.

Mentorship and professional development

Mentorship and professional development programs are powerful tools for supporting women’s career advancement.

• Mentorship programs pair women with experienced leaders who can provide guidance, support, and advocacy.
• Professional development opportunities, such as leadership training and skill-building workshops, help women overcome barriers to advancement.

These programs are particularly important for female leaders who may face unique challenges in navigating their careers.

Parental leave, childcare, and caregiver support

Providing adequate parental leave, childcare options, and caregiver support also help promote gender parity in the workplace.

• Parental leave policies that are equitable and accessible to all genders encourage both parents to share caregiving responsibilities.
• On-site childcare or childcare subsidies can alleviate the burden on working parents, allowing them to focus better on their careers.

Supporting caregivers also involves recognizing the value of caregiving roles and ensuring they don’t impede career advancement.

Addressing bias in evaluations and promotion processes

Bias in performance evaluations and promotion processes can perpetuate gender inequality. To address this, organizations can:

• Implement standardized evaluation criteria so that all employees receive a fair assessment.
• Create diverse promotion committees to minimize bias in decision-making.

Transparency in these processes helps everyone have an equal opportunity to advance in their careers.

Working to improve gender equality is one of the most important ways we can make life better for everybody on earth — all 7.9 billion of us and counting.

Here's why.

Why support gender equality?

There are billions — about 4 billion to be more specific — of reasons to support gender equality: All the women-identified farmers, doctors, caretakers, and leaders across the world, so many of whom are still seeking access to basic human rights. Women suffer from political and social inequities, and despite their economic potential and capacity for innovation, they continue to earn 20 percent less than men.

Lack of access to education, equal pay, and healthcare doesn't only affect individual women and girls — it stifles the success of society itself. Poverty and gender inequality have been shown time and again to be linked; conversely, countries where girls receive equal education to boys reflect reliable rates of economic growth and lower rates of domestic and cultural violence.

Studies show that when women have access to participate in local and regional economies and to own homes and other assets, the health and nutrition of their children increases. It is projected that if employment rates for women matched those of men, it could increase world GDP by trillions of dollars.

In short, gender equality represents a safer, healthier, more prosperous society for all.

Read more: Why gender equality is so important

Ways to promote gender equality in daily life

While advancing gender inequity can seem insurmountable, there are actions you can take to help close the gender gap and support the success of women and girls around the world.

1. Help individual women succeed.

According to a report by Kiva and USAID on global gender lens investing, over a billion women around the world are excluded from financial systems. Financial inclusion can help increase women's incomes, which can lead to increases in household spending on food and education and an improved quality of life.

Promoting financial inclusion among women can help provide women with the opportunities to start businesses, get an education, and increase their independence and agency. It is a practice that helps one woman at a time gain traction to improve their lives while creating benefits that reverberate throughout communities.

More than 80 percent of Kiva loans go to women, many of whom live in developing countries. These loans are facilitated through the work of on-the-ground lending partners like Caurie Microfinance, working to bring their services to women living in remote locations. Based in Senegal, Caurie has raised over US$23.5 million in loans for women, not only disbursing funds but also developing improved tech and mobile platforms that make it possible for its clients to repay loans, conduct transactions, and save money without having to travel to a branch office.

Other Kiva lending partners often include business training, healthcare access, and wraparound services that help individual women succeed.

Read more: Access to finance is critical to help women entrepreneurs around the world improve their earnings

2. Discuss gender equality with family members and children.

In many developed countries and societies, it can be tempting to take women's freedom for granted. Yet there is still a tremendous chasm to cross in order to achieve gender equality around the world — and closer to home. Talk about the ways women continue to be underrepresented in government and commerce and the positive potential impact of closing the gender gap.

3. Encourage financial inclusion.

Over a billion women are excluded from traditional banking services such as credit, savings, and money transfers that foster independence. More than 70 percent of women-owned small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have inadequate access to financial services like banking and credit, many with no access at all. Often they don't have access to these services because of social barriers and systemic poverty — even in developed countries like the U.S. Making microloans through organizations like Kiva helps women access capital to build credit, start businesses, fund education for themselves and their daughters, and support gender equality.

Support financial inclusion for women with a Kiva loan

4. Support women-owned businesses.

Where we choose to spend our money matters. Seeking out small businesses owned by women directly supports them and their families or communities. It also improves local economies and surrounding communities: Studies show that women-owned companies are more likely to create jobs in healthcare, food services, and other social sector industries than those owned by men. Seeking out women-owned companies and small businesses in your area is an effective way not only to support gender equality but also to help your community — for every dollar spent at a small business, 67 cents remains in local circulation.

5. Shop from companies and businesses that promote gender equality.

Across corporations and industries, statistics show the positive effects of including women in executive leadership positions:

• Executive teams that are gender-diverse generate better financial performance

• Value chains that are gender-diverse are more agile and create new business opportunities

• Diversity leads to improved decision-making

There is so much power in how we spend our dollars — and where we don't. There are dozens of big corporations making huge strides in equalizing the workplace for all their employees, with a few global titans leading the way. Make a habit of researching where your dollars are going before making big purchases so you can be sure you're shopping from companies you feel good about supporting.

6. Promote gender equality at home.

Encourage the fair division of labor for household chores. Everyone is capable of contributing to the cooking, cleaning, childcare, and other unpaid labor it takes to keep a home and family. Not only does sharing the load between women and men break down stereotypes, it also makes caring for a household easier — many hands make light work.

Read more: How microfinance providers can improve outcomes for women entrepreneurs

Ways to improve gender equality in society

All of us live and work in a larger context, and we often encounter people different from us in greater society. We can promote gender equality by acting with kindness and courage:

7. Keep in mind that gender is not the same as biological sex.

While someone's biological sex refers strictly to biology, gender covers a host of social constructs and expectations that comprise an individual's identity. Even if a person was not born 'female', if they identify as a woman, as gender-diverse, or as non-binary, they will face social and economic risks even greater than those that people born female do. It's important to keep in mind that these groups need even more support and consideration when discussing gender equality.

Read more: The glass ceiling still looms above for women business owners in the U.S.

8. Speak out against gender-based violence.

Almost one in three women and girls have experienced physical and/or emotional abuse in their lifetime, most often at the hands of a spouse, partner, or relative. Lower-income women are at the highest risk for violence against women, and a lack of reporting violent acts, due to lack of safety and trust with current systems, affects women across all economic and social strata.

Ways to improve gender equality in the workplace

Given the tremendous contributions of women to business, tech, science, government, and every other sector of commercial and cultural importance, it's hard to believe that gender equality remains an issue in the workplace. However, one only needs to look at the statistics to realize that imbalances still exist:

• Women earn 82 cents compared to every dollar made by men in developed countries; globally, it is just 77 cents. For women of color, immigrant women and mothers, the gap is even larger.

• Though the numbers are increasing, women still occupy just 26 percent of all CEO and managing director positions. Only 23 Fortune 500 companies have women CEOS. In North America, the percentage of women of color in management positions remains in the single digits.

• Mothers and women of child-bearing age with the same career experience as men are less likely to be hired and promoted.

• Women report far more cases of burnout, stress, and exhaustion with work.

While many companies now implement diversity and inclusion measures in their hiring practices and human resources departments, few can boast they've closed the gender gap. Since it is still so rare, it bears asking the question: What does gender equality actually look like at work?

• It means every employee has access to the same rights, opportunities and responsibilities within the organization

• All employees feel safe from discrimination

• Training and education are made available to all

• Rewards and promotions are based on merit

• Merit and evaluation systems are unbiased

• Everyone is treated with equal respect

So what can we do to promote gender equality in the workplace, improve working conditions, and provide access to more opportunities for women? Each of us can help, whether we are entrepreneurs, in entry-level positions, gig workers, or climbing the corporate ladder.

9. Check your bias.

Many people don't realize the implicit ways they have internalized cultural biases of gender and race, which can affect all levels of the workplace. Many employers provide implicit bias training to help dissipate unconscious perceptions.

10. Use gender-inclusive language.

Referring to workers as 'individuals'; rather than as 'men' or 'women' in job descriptions, employee handbooks, and other company materials decreases bias, even — especially — in roles that have traditionally been held by one particular gender.

11. Advocate for equity.

Addressing the places and issues within company culture that create barriers for women and non-binary employees brings attention to where the work needs to be done. Often, leadership needs to be made aware of gender disparity before anything can change.

12. Ask for better.

Flexible hours, paid family and medical leave, and even offering childcare benefits are ways that some companies are creating a more equitable environment for working mothers (and parents in general!).

13. Focus on performance.

When it comes to promoting gender equality in the workplace, the best way to close the gap is to reward those who create results, bring in revenue, and achieve company goals —regardless of any perceived notions of their abilities.

Ways to advocate for gender equality

While there are myriad actions we can take to promote gender equality at school, at work, and in our everyday lives, gender equality advocacy takes that commitment to a higher level. If you're passionate about closing the gender gap, creating more opportunities for women and non-binary individuals, and forging a more equitable and just world, here are a few suggestions.

14. Listen and learn.

All of us stand on the shoulders of those who have been doing the work of advocating for gender equality for generations. Read fundamental materials by organizations to understand the progress as well as the pitfalls that have been made. Seek out the past and present leaders of the movement, and have faith in yourself as a future leader.

15. Educate others.

Share what you know in private conversations and public forums. Use facts, statistics, and relevant anecdotes to make your case. While it's not always easy to remain patient with those who don't agree, and it is first and foremost an individual responsibility to educate ourselves, sticking to the point that gender equality improves life for everyone can help diffuse uncomfortable conversations.

16. Become an activist.

It is projected that it will take another 132 years for the world to achieve gender equality, but we can speed things up by getting involved. Make sure policymakers at local, regional, national, and international levels know that creating opportunities for women is the way to improve economies. Present gender equality issues as front and center for elections, and grill candidates on their positions. Better yet, run for office yourself!

Related: How Phearong became a women's rights leader in Cambodia

17. Support reproductive freedom.

Access to healthcare and sex education, including birth control and the right to choose when and if a woman wants to have children and how many, are a vital pillar of gender equality. Economic development, educational opportunities, and social progress depend on the right of women to control their bodies.

Ways to promote gender equality in school

We know that educating girls is key to economic development and creating women leaders and entrepreneurs. The good news is that global enrollment of women in higher education has tripled from 1995 to 2018. However, ensuring gender equality in the classroom doesn't come automatically or easily — it takes conscious action.

18. Make sure learning materials represent everyone.

The selection of books, references, and other resources for a class can draw from a diverse group of authors. When the subject matter precludes the inclusion of women or non-binary contributors, address the reasons why that particular resource may not have favored such diversity.

19. Stick with gender-inclusive language.

As in everyday life and in the workplace, the use of gender-inclusive language in the classroom is an important way to ensure everyone feels supported. The use of 'you guys' and 'ladies and gentlemen' in the classroom favor traditional gender roles and binaries and can make young women and non-binary students feel excluded. When speaking to a group, the use of 'students', 'class', or even 'you all' are worthy gender-inclusive alternatives.

20. Challenge gender stereotypes.

While teaching anything from math to writing to science, choose examples that go against staid perceptions of gender: Women construction workers, stay-at-home dads — showing people of all genders in various roles helps students realize they need not be limited by anything.

21. Respect preferred pronouns.

When a young person expresses their wish to be referred to by a specific pronoun, honoring that wish affirms the student's identity to others and promotes gender equality in the classroom.

22. Help fund education for girls.

While women have now surpassed men in the U.S. for college graduation rates, in many places around the world, social norms prevent young women from pursuing college degrees or advanced training. Kiva helps women-identified students crowdsource tuition and living expenses from lenders all over the world, enabling them to advance their opportunities.

Lend to a woman today

Read more: How Kiran bucked traditional gender roles to pursue her education in Kathmandu

Ways to promote gender equality in sports

The U.S. Women's National Soccer Team, which Kiva is proud to partner with, made history in 2022 by demanding and receiving the same pay as the men's team, inspiring women and girls everywhere to seek out equality in sports. But even though women athletes achieved tremendous victories and the 1972 passage of Title IX was meant to guarantee equal representation in U.S. school sports, gender inequalities continue. An unacceptable 90 percent of colleges and universities discriminate against women in sports, and women are still underrepresented in leadership roles in the professional sports sector

Here are some key ways to promote gender equality in sports and level the playing field.

23. Be a fan.

Support women's and girls' athletic teams by watching games in person or on television, following their social media, buying season passes, and sporting their merch. This goes for professional, international, and college-level teams as well as high school and younger —cheering from the sidelines encourages young players to stick with it.

24. Be a player.

Not everyone has the prowess to pursue professional sports, but there are plenty of local, low-key athletic opportunities for women of all ages. Even if it's a workplace softball team or helping coach a kindergarten soccer team, women's presence matters at every level.

25. Demand better policy.

While gender equality is finally getting attention at the professional level, there is plenty of room for improvement in school and recreational sports organizations. Women and girls deserve equal consideration when it comes to financial aid, funding and participation opportunities.

26. Protect whistleblowers.

Coming forward with examples of gender inequality, discrimination, and sexual harassment is courageous and often the only way to move the needle towards equality. Help establish anonymous programs to report such instances and protect privacy.

27. Use appropriate language.

When speaking or writing about women's sports, focus on skills and performance, not the way uniforms fit or what an athlete does in their private life. Achieving gender equality in sports depends on all athletes receiving the same kinds of respectful treatment from the media, fans, coaches, industry executives, and other players.

Every action counts

To paraphrase Kiva's Executive Chairwoman Julie Hanna, our work has just begun in achieving gender equality around the world. While the barriers may seem overwhelming, they are not insurmountable — especially when we see that there are so many actionable ways to support women — those who live in our communities and those in cultures across the globe.

Thankfully, there are various strategies and initiatives that can be implemented to enhance the quality of education and ensure that students are receiving the best possible learning experiences. This is where charities for education play a pivotal role. They often provide resources, funding, and programs specifically designed to tackle these educational challenges, making a significant difference in communities where government support may be lacking. In this blog, we will explore nine such strategies that can be implemented to improve education quality. From teacher training and professional development to personalized learning experiences and incorporating technology in the classroom, we will discuss the various ways in which education can be made more effective and accessible for all students.

Improving education quality is not just about academic success, but it is also about shaping future generations of responsible and informed individuals who can contribute positively to society. With that in mind, let's dive into the nine strategies for improving education quality and explore how we can work together to build a brighter future for students around the world.

The importance of teacher training and professional development

Teachers play a vital role in shaping the minds of the next generation. They are responsible for not only imparting knowledge but also for guiding and inspiring students to become lifelong learners. Therefore, it is crucial that teachers receive the necessary training and professional development to enhance their teaching skills and knowledge.

Teacher training and professional development programs can provide educators with the skills and knowledge needed to create engaging, effective, and personalized learning experiences for students. These programs can include workshops, seminars, and training sessions on subjects such as classroom management, assessment and evaluation, pedagogy, and technology integration.

One of the primary benefits of teacher training and professional development is that it can help teachers stay up-to-date with the latest educational trends and best practices. As technology continues to evolve and new research emerges, teachers need to adapt and 

incorporate these advancements into their teaching methods. Professional development programs can provide teachers with the tools and resources needed to stay current and improve their teaching techniques.

Moreover, teacher training and professional development can also improve teacher morale and job satisfaction. By providing teachers with opportunities to learn and grow professionally, they feel valued and supported, which can have a positive impact on their overall job performance and motivation.

It is also important to note that teacher training and professional development should not be limited to new teachers. Even experienced teachers can benefit from ongoing training and development opportunities to enhance their skills and stay up-to-date with the latest educational trends.

Investing in teacher training and professional development can have a significant impact on the quality of education that students receive. By providing teachers with the necessary tools and resources, they can create engaging and effective learning experiences that inspire students to become lifelong learners. Additionally, professional development can boost teacher morale and job satisfaction, ultimately leading to a positive impact on the entire education system.

Providing access to high-quality teaching materials and resources

Access to high-quality teaching materials and resources is essential for improving the quality of education. Teachers require access to resources that align with the curriculum, are relevant, engaging, and provide opportunities for learning beyond the classroom.

High-quality teaching materials and resources can come in various forms, such as textbooks, online resources, multimedia resources, and teaching aids. Access to these resources is particularly crucial in underprivileged communities where students may not have access to quality educational materials at home.

One effective strategy for providing access to high-quality teaching materials and resources is to encourage collaboration between teachers and curriculum specialists. This collaboration can ensure that teaching materials and resources are aligned with the curriculum and are tailored to meet the needs of the students.

Moreover, providing access to digital resources can help to level the playing field and provide equal access to education. Digital resources such as online textbooks, videos, and interactive learning activities can provide students with engaging and personalized learning experiences. They can also help to bridge the gap between students who have access to technology and those who do not.

Another strategy for providing access to high-quality teaching materials and resources is to encourage partnerships with businesses and organizations that specialize in educational resources. These partnerships can provide teachers with access to the latest educational technology, equipment, and resources that they may not otherwise have access to.

It is also essential to ensure that teachers have the necessary training and support to effectively use the teaching materials and resources. Teachers need to understand how to integrate the resources into their lessons and how to differentiate instruction to meet the needs of all students.

Creating a positive and inclusive learning environment

Creating a positive and inclusive learning environment is essential to improving education quality. When students feel valued and respected, they are more likely to engage in learning, feel motivated, and achieve their academic goals. Therefore, it is crucial for educators and school administrators to establish a supportive and welcoming atmosphere in the classroom.

One way to create a positive and inclusive learning environment is to promote diversity and inclusivity in the classroom. Educators can celebrate and recognize the different cultures and backgrounds of their students and encourage them to learn from each other's experiences. Additionally, teachers can modify their lesson plans to be culturally responsive and provide opportunities for students to share their perspectives.

Another way to foster a positive learning environment is to establish clear expectations and routines in the classroom. This includes setting expectations for behavior, participation, and academic performance. By establishing a clear set of guidelines, students understand what is expected of them and feel more comfortable in their learning environment.

Additionally, teachers can create a safe space for students to express their thoughts and emotions without fear of judgment or ridicule. This can be accomplished by using positive language, promoting empathy and kindness, and encouraging students to respect each other's opinions.

It is also important to provide access to resources and support for students who may need additional assistance. This includes providing academic support, counseling services, and accommodations for students with disabilities or special needs. By offering these resources, students can receive the support they need to succeed academically and emotionally.

Overall, creating a positive and inclusive learning environment requires effort and commitment from educators and administrators. However, the benefits of such an environment are invaluable, as students are more likely to feel engaged, motivated, and successful in their academic pursuits.

Personalizing learning experiences to meet individual student needs

Personalizing learning experiences to meet individual student needs is a critical strategy for improving education quality. Every student has unique learning styles, strengths, and challenges, and providing tailored learning experiences can help them reach their full potential.

One way to personalize learning is through differentiated instruction. This approach involves creating different lesson plans and activities based on each student's learning style, ability level, and interests. By providing a variety of activities, teachers can help students engage in the learning process and build skills at their own pace.

Another way to personalize learning is through technology. Educational technology, such as adaptive learning software, can provide students with individualized instruction and feedback based on their performance. This technology can help identify areas where students need additional support and adjust the difficulty level of activities to match their abilities.

Project-based learning is another effective way to personalize learning. This approach involves giving students the opportunity to work on projects that align with their interests and passions. This can increase engagement and motivation and help students develop real-world skills that are relevant to their future careers.

Teachers can also use formative assessments to personalize learning. These assessments provide ongoing feedback on student progress and can help teachers identify areas where students need additional support. By using this feedback, teachers can adjust their instruction to meet individual student needs and provide targeted support.

Finally, student-centered learning approaches can also help personalize learning experiences. This approach involves giving students more control over their learning, allowing them to explore topics that interest them, and providing opportunities for student-led discussions and activities. By focusing on the student's needs and interests, teachers can create a more engaging and effective learning experience.

Implementing technology in the classroom to enhance learning

In today's digital age, technology has become an integral part of our daily lives. From smartphones to laptops, technology has transformed the way we communicate, work, and even learn. In education, technology has the potential to enhance the learning experience of students and provide new opportunities for teachers to engage their students.

Implementing technology in the classroom can offer several benefits. For example, digital textbooks and online resources can provide students with access to a wealth of information and knowledge from anywhere and at any time. Online platforms and apps can offer interactive activities, games, and quizzes that can engage students and promote active learning. Additionally, video conferencing tools can enable teachers to connect with experts and other classrooms around the world, giving students a broader perspective on different topics and cultures.

However, implementing technology in the classroom requires careful planning and consideration. Teachers need to ensure that the technology they choose aligns with their teaching goals and objectives. They also need to be trained in the use of the technology and provided with ongoing support and professional development opportunities.

Moreover, it is essential to ensure that technology does not replace traditional teaching methods entirely. Instead, technology should be used to complement and enhance teaching, making it more engaging and effective. Teachers must also ensure that the technology they use is accessible and inclusive, taking into account the different learning styles and abilities of their students.

Encouraging parental involvement and engagement

Encouraging parental involvement and engagement is crucial for improving education quality. Parents play a vital role in their child's education and can greatly contribute to their success. When parents are involved in their child's education, it not only benefits the student but also the school and community as a whole. Here are some strategies for encouraging parental involvement:

1. Open communication channels: Schools should establish open communication channels with parents, making it easy for them to get in touch with teachers, counselors, and administrators. Regular communication through email, newsletters, or parent-teacher conferences can help keep parents informed about their child's progress and any issues that may arise.
2. Provide opportunities for involvement: Schools can offer a variety of opportunities for parents to get involved, such as volunteering in the classroom, chaperoning field trips, or participating in school events. This can help parents feel more connected to the school and invested in their child's education.
3. Offer resources and support: Many parents may not know how to get involved or may feel intimidated by the school environment. Schools can offer resources and support to help parents feel more comfortable, such as workshops on how to help their child with homework or navigating the school system.
4. Recognize and appreciate parents: Schools should recognize and appreciate the contributions of parents, whether it's through a thank-you note, a public acknowledgment, or a volunteer appreciation event. This can help build positive relationships and encourage continued involvement.
5. Emphasize the importance of education: Schools can work with parents to emphasize the importance of education and encourage them to support their child's learning outside of school. This can include setting aside time for homework, reading together, or engaging in educational activities as a family.

By encouraging parental involvement and engagement, schools can create a collaborative and supportive learning environment that benefits students, parents, and the community as a whole.

Incorporating project-based learning and hands-on activities

Project-based learning and hands-on activities are effective ways to improve education quality. These approaches promote active learning, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills among students.

In project-based learning, students work on long-term projects that address real-world problems or challenges. This approach requires students to use their creativity, research, and analytical skills to develop innovative solutions to complex problems. Project-based learning also provides students with opportunities to collaborate, communicate, and present their ideas to an audience, which builds their confidence and communication skills.

Hands-on activities, on the other hand, involve active engagement and manipulation of materials or tools to learn new concepts or skills. Examples of hands-on activities include experiments, simulations, role-playing, and field trips. These activities provide students with opportunities to explore, experiment, and discover new ideas in a safe and supportive environment.

Incorporating project-based learning and hands-on activities in the classroom requires teachers to create a student-centered learning environment. Teachers need to act as facilitators, guiding and supporting students in their learning journey. This approach also requires teachers to design relevant and engaging projects and activities that align with the curriculum and learning objectives. Additionally, education through technology is becoming an increasingly important tool. It allows for a more engaging and interactive learning experience, and can greatly facilitate individualized learning and access to a broader range of information.

The benefits of project-based learning and hands-on activities are numerous. These approaches promote deeper learning, enhance retention, and improve student engagement and motivation. Furthermore, project-based learning and hands-on activities prepare students for the 21st century workforce, which requires individuals to be innovative, creative, and problem-solvers.

Therefore, educators should consider incorporating project-based learning and hands-on activities in their teaching practice to improve education quality and prepare students for the future.

Developing strong assessment and evaluation processes

Assessment and evaluation processes are critical to the improvement of education quality. It allows educators to identify areas where students are excelling and where they need improvement. However, developing strong assessment and evaluation processes can be a challenging task. Here are some strategies for improving assessment and evaluation processes to enhance education quality:

1. Clearly define learning objectives: The first step in creating a strong assessment and evaluation process is to define clear learning objectives. Teachers need to know what students are expected to learn, and students need to know what they are expected to achieve. Objectives should be measurable and aligned with the curriculum.
2. Use a variety of assessment methods: There is no one-size-fits-all approach to assessment. Teachers should use a variety of assessment methods, such as tests, quizzes, projects, and portfolios. This helps to ensure that students are being evaluated in different ways and that their strengths and weaknesses are being accurately measured.
3. Use formative assessments: Formative assessments are ongoing assessments that are used to monitor student learning throughout a unit or lesson. They provide feedback to both the teacher and the student, allowing them to adjust their approach as needed.
4. Align assessments with learning objectives: Assessments should be aligned with the learning objectives. This ensures that students are being evaluated on the skills and knowledge they are expected to learn.
5. Provide timely and actionable feedback: Feedback is critical to student learning. Teachers should provide timely and actionable feedback to students to help them improve. Feedback should be specific, highlighting areas where the student needs to improve and offering suggestions for improvement.
6. Involve students in the evaluation process: Students should be involved in the evaluation process. They should be given the opportunity to self-assess and reflect on their learning. This helps students take ownership of their learning and develop metacognitive skills.
7. Use data to inform instruction: Assessment data should be used to inform instruction. Teachers can use the data to identify areas where students are struggling and adjust their instruction to better meet the needs of their students.

Prioritizing mental health and well-being in education

In recent years, there has been a growing recognition of the importance of prioritizing mental health and well-being in education. This is not only important for the individual well-being of students but also for the quality of education that they receive. Schools and education systems that prioritize mental health and well-being are likely to have happier, healthier, and more engaged students who are better equipped to succeed academically and in life.

There are several strategies that schools and educators can implement to prioritize mental health and well-being in education. Firstly, it is important to create a supportive and inclusive school environment that promotes positive relationships, provides social-emotional support, and encourages open communication. This can be achieved through programs such as peer support, counseling services, and social-emotional learning programs.

Secondly, schools should provide opportunities for students to engage in physical activity and exercise. Physical activity has been shown to be a powerful tool in reducing stress, anxiety, and depression, and can also improve cognitive function and academic performance. Schools can incorporate physical activity into their curriculum through physical education classes, after-school sports programs, and active transportation initiatives. Moreover, integrating lessons on education and economic development within the curriculum can provide students with a deeper understanding of the role of education in driving economic growth and social progress.

Thirdly, educators can prioritize mental health and well-being by incorporating mindfulness and relaxation techniques into their teaching. Mindfulness practices, such as meditation and breathing exercises, can help students develop skills to manage stress and anxiety, improve focus and attention, and promote emotional regulation.

Fourthly, schools can support mental health and well-being by providing access to mental health resources and services. This can include on-site counseling services, mental health awareness campaigns, and partnerships with local mental health organizations.

Finally, schools can prioritize mental health and well-being by addressing and reducing sources of stress and pressure in the education system. This can include reducing excessive testing and homework assignments, promoting a healthy work-life balance for educators, and fostering a culture of support and collaboration among students and staff. In addition to these measures, understanding how to achieve quality education is fundamental in structuring policies and practices that support student learning and wellbeing.

Conclusion

Improving education quality requires a multi-faceted approach that addresses various aspects of the learning process. From teacher training and professional development to prioritizing mental health and well-being, each strategy plays a vital role in providing students with the best possible education. 

Education is a fundamental human right, and it is our collective responsibility to ensure that all learners have access to high-quality education that prepares them for success in a rapidly changing world. By implementing these strategies and continuing to innovate and improve our education systems, we can build a brighter future for all.

1. Continue to support the poorest people.

Official development assistance (ODA) remains the largest resource flow for most of the countries with the lowest domestic resources, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Here – where governments often have little ability to raise tax revenue and mobilise other financial resources – aid should be used to create favourable conditions for catalysing other forms of resources for ending poverty, such as private investment and development finance.

2. End all forms of poverty.

Ending poverty is not just about people’s income but also their access to things like water, health, education, housing and security. Bringing everyone above the extreme poverty line of $1.25 a day is only the first step.

3. Commit governments to ending poverty.

Governments of developing countries should commit to lifting their citizens above the line of $1.25 per day. This needs to be underpinned by national mechanisms that target and support people living in poverty.

The Bolsa Familia programme in Brazil transfers cash directly to poor households, and decisions about allocation are based on assessments of depth of poverty rather than household composition. More than 48 million people are now enrolled in the programme. Thanks to the contribution of Bolsa Familia, extreme poverty in Brazil dropped from 20.4 million in 2003 to approximately 11.9 million in 2009.

Only five governments have commited publically to ending poverty (Brazil, Colombia, Malawi, UK and USA), and approximately 50 have made similar commitments at World Bank meetings. But ALL countries need to make this commitment if we are going to end extreme poverty by 2030.

4. Focus aid on economic potential.

Predicting and relying on sustained growth is not always possible and the benefits of growth are often not shared equally to benefit the poorest people. The benefits of growth need to be shared with the poorest people - in sub-Saharan Africa where 80% of the world’s extremely poor people are expected to live by 2030 - but also with those living in ‘pockets’ of poverty in ‘middle income countries’ like India.

5. Go country by country.

The governments of developing countries must follow their commitments with action through national poverty reduction plans. Strategic and joined-up approaches to ending extreme poverty would enable ownership over the way that public, private and aid resources are allocated and used.

6. Get everyone involved.

The governments must work with partners across different sectors – including businesses, private sector institutions, donors, aid agencies, public departments and ministries. Coordination is critical for transparent, accountable, and effective delivery. 

7. Support national efforts with international aid.

International aid can provide a basic minimum where domestic governments cannot, or will not. The UN should put ending extreme poverty at the very heart of the post-2015 agenda.

8. Get creative with investments.

To address the wider dimensions of poverty, we must harness and join-up all financial resources flowing to developing countries with the potential to reduce poverty. This includes all forms of private and public sector flows, as well as aid.

9. Improve data on poverty. 

Most developing countries use inadequate and out-of-date data. If governments are going to meet the needs of their poorest citizens, they need to know where these people live and what their needs are. We need to monitor wider, multi-dimensional aspects of poverty alongside income, and ask poor people themselves what their priorities are.

10. Demand action as global citizens. 

Everyone can play a role in ending poverty. Please get involved and ask governments and international institutions to transform commitments into action today. 

“Extreme poverty has been cut in half in the last 20 years, and the facts show that we can get it to virtually zero within a generation – but only if we act.” - Bono, musician and global activist, February 2013.

Ian Townsend, Lead Analyst & Sarah Dalrymple, Advocacy & Engagement Advisor.

As of May 2021, more than 9 million Americans were unemployed, 19 million adults and up to 8 million children had experienced food insecurity, and more than 10 million renters were behind on rental payments. Communities of color and other underserved families have been hit particularly hard by the pandemic and subsequent economic downturn: Black, Indigenous, and Latinx communities have seen higher rates of infection, hospitalization, and death as well as unemployment. Likewise, the disability community has been disproportionately affected by high rates of mortality at congregate facilities, inequitable vaccine rollouts, and delayed stimulus payouts to individuals on Social Security and Supplemental Security Income.

Navigating through the current crisis and rebuilding better and stronger requires policymakers to take immediate action to provide equitable economic relief to all. Equitable rebuilding not only addresses systemic and institutional racism of past policy decisions but also focuses on inclusive economic transformation that can strengthen the U.S. economy and resilience in the long run. When the government invests in meeting peoples’ basic needs and economic security through a robust safety net and jobs that help build financial security, children, families, and other vulnerable populations see improved outcomes in both the short and long term. The good news is that policymakers already have a range of tools that can prevent further increases in poverty and put all people on a pathway to economic mobility and resilience.

This column outlines 12 policy solutions that Congress can use to cut poverty and boost economic security for all in an equitable way.

1. Expand safety net programs to benefit all in need

Safety net programs can help people weather a variety of economic crises by meeting basic needs and providing stability. Yet the pandemic has exposed just how woefully inadequate America’s safety net structure is.

For example, before the pandemic, state unemployment insurance (UI) did not cover monthly expenses anywhere in the country and excluded millions of others due to their work classification, previous earnings, length of employment, or immigration status.

The Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security (CARES) Act provided a temporary $600 weekly boost to UI, lifting millions out of poverty before that provision was allowed to expire at the end of July 2020. The American Rescue Plan continued a $300 weekly supplement to UI that started in December 2020, providing an income to millions of long-term unemployed and self-employed workers, independent contractors, gig workers, and others. Unfortunately, this supplement and the other temporary federal UI expansions are set to expire nationally on September 6, 2021. To make matters worse, at least 26 governors have pledged to end some or all of these programs even sooner, cutting benefits for 4.7 million people and severely affecting their ability to recover from the pandemic.

Similarly, programs such as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), intended for those with the lowest incomes, have not done enough to prevent hunger and food insecurity in America. Even before COVID-19 hit, the inadequate benefit amounts forced 45 percent of SNAP recipients to limit the food they ate or skip meals just to make it through the month; and nearly a third of SNAP recipients had to visit a food pantry to keep themselves fed. From December 2019 to December 2020, the demand for charitable food assistance rose by nearly 50 percent. This was especially prevalent for households of color, households with children, and people with disabilities. Fortunately, the American Rescue Plan contained significant expansions in food assistance programs to help mitigate the high levels of hunger seen throughout the crisis. But more must be done. Lawmakers must expand eligibility for SNAP, ensuring that currently excluded groups—including undocumented immigrants and many college students—are able to receive necessary food assistance. Burdensome work requirements that only serve to push people away from assistance, rather than encourage work, should also be eliminated.

Temporary expansions of the safety net are not enough to help the millions of Americans who are still struggling with the economic and health fallout from the pandemic. Congress must continue to invest in and modernize safety net programs, ensuring that benefit levels are expanded and more accessible than they were before the crisis. It should also consider implementing automatic triggers that would expand benefits during future economic shocks, such as recessions, without the need for legislative intervention. Not only would this prevent people from falling into poverty while Congress argues over how much relief is necessary, having a system that automatically triggers expanded benefits would also help soften the blow of future recessions and stimulate the economy by giving money to people who desperately need it in a timely fashion.

2. Create good-paying jobs that meet family needs

Rebuilding the economy in an equitable way requires the creation of millions of new, good-paying jobs in key industries, with significant worker protections to ease the burden on working families. Before the pandemic shut down much of the country, unemployment stood at 3.5 percent, but by April 2020, unemployment had risen to almost 15 percent. A year later, hiring is on an upward trajectory, but unemployment is at 5.8 percent, which is still considerably higher than pre-pandemic numbers.

While the uptick in employment is a good sign, the same people who struggled before the crisis are still being left behind: The unemployment rates for Black and Hispanic individuals stand at 9.1 percent and 7.3 percent, respectively, compared with a 5.1 percent unemployment rate for white people. Similarly, the disability community continues to experience difficulty regaining employment, with 10.2 percent remaining unemployed as of May 2021. It is not the first time these communities have seen large unemployment gaps compared with their white and nondisabled peers, as such gaps were consistently present even in the months leading up to the pandemic, when unemployment was low.

Women have particularly borne the brunt of job loss because they are overrepresented in the hardest-hit service sector jobs. From February 2020 to May 2021, women lost a net of 4.2 million jobs. Furthermore, since April 2020, the labor force participation rate for women has hovered between 54.6 and 56.2 percent—the lowest observed rate since the late 1980s.

Even though pandemic-related stimulus packages have helped bolster the economy, labor market growth is sluggish, as many Americans are still unable to come back to work due to caregiving challenges or are taking more time to find safe and decent jobs that support their basic needs.

Creating the jobs needed to build an equitable U.S. economy requires federal investment. The American Jobs Plan is centered on investing $2.3 trillion to create new jobs by rebuilding roads and bridges, creating a green energy economy, expanding essential jobs in the caregiving sector, supporting domestic manufacturing, and ensuring that these jobs provide decent wages and benefits and are accessible to Americans from all walks of life. If passed, the American Jobs Plan could reform and rebuild the economy by significantly shrinking the gap of 7.6 million jobs lost since February 2020 and by allowing people to build financial security and save for the future.

3. Raise the minimum wage to ensure economic stability for all

It is time for Congress to raise the federal minimum wage to meaningfully improve living standards for millions of Americans. Today’s federal minimum wage is just $7.25 per hour, which is about $15,000 annually for a full-time job. It has not been raised in more than a decade and is not enough to keep a one-adult, one-child household out of poverty. This is not how the minimum wage was intended to work: In the late 1960s, a full-time worker earned $1.60 per hour at minimum wage, which is equivalent to more than $12 per hour in today’s dollars.

There are also many workers who earn less than minimum wage, or a “subminimum wage.” Tipped workers are only guaranteed a subminimum wage of $2.13 federally, despite evidence from states demonstrating that ending the subminimum wage nationwide would significantly decrease poverty and inequality without hurting employment.

Subminimum wages are also an issue for disabled workers. In 1938, the Fair Labor Standards Act authorized employers, after receiving a certificate from the Wage and Hour Division, to pay below minimum wages to workers with disabilities. Workers who fall under this classification are paid an estimated average of $2.15 per hour. This is just one of the many reasons why in 2019, at least 1 in 4 disabled people lived under the poverty line.

The Raise the Wage Act would gradually lift the federal minimum wage to $15 per hour by 2025 and index it to median wage growth thereafter so that the minimum wage would automatically increase when wages rise nationally. The bill would also phase out the subminimum wage for tipped employees, teenagers employed for 90 days or less, and disabled workers. These changes would lift up to 3.7 million Americans out of poverty and especially benefit people of color, women, and people with disabilities, who are disproportionately represented in low-wage jobs.

4. Provide permanent paid family and medical leave and paid sick days

The United States is the only industrialized nation in the world to not guarantee workers access to any paid leave. As of March 2020, an estimated 25 percent of private sector workers—and 69 percent of workers earning less than $11 per hour—did not have access to a single paid sick day. Additionally, in 2020, 4 in 5 private sector workers lacked access to any paid family leave for longer-term family caregiving needs; and the disparity was worse among the lowest-wage workers, where 95 percent did not have access to paid time off.

This puts workers in the impossible position of having to forgo needed income, or even their job, to recover from an illness or care for a sick family member. Every year, workers and their families lose an estimated $22.5 billion in wages due to a lack of access to paid family and medical leave. While Congress addressed this need during the pandemic by providing temporary emergency paid sick leave and emergency paid child care leave through the Families First Coronavirus Response Act, loopholes and exemptions excluded millions of workers. The program also became voluntary in 2021, meaning employers can now refuse to offer paid leave again.

Congress must prioritize passing paid sick leave and permanent paid family and medical leave, particularly to support the lowest-income earners. Several proposals—including the American Families Plan, the Family and Medical Insurance Leave (FAMILY) Act, and the Healthy Families Act—have been introduced to address this issue. They include comprehensive paid family and medical leave, allowing workers to take time off work to recover from a health condition, care for a child or loved one, or grieve the loss of a loved one.

5. Increase worker power to rebalance the labor market

Union representation is a key protection against the exploitation of and discrimination against workers. Unions help their members to negotiate with employers for decent wages and benefits and to ensure that working people have a voice in U.S. democracy by promoting progressive priorities, including state and local minimum wage increases. Research shows that unions increase workers’ wages and benefits, boost economic mobility in future generations, decrease poverty, improve workers’ general well-being, and close gender and racial wage and wealth gaps. In the midst of mass layoffs as states shut down last year, unions were able to negotiate furlough and work-share arrangements with employers to help members keep their jobs. Yet in 2020, only 12 percent of essential workers were covered by a union contract, and workers seeking to unionize face an uphill battle.

Passing the Protecting the Right to Organize (PRO) Act would increase worker power by creating new penalties for employers who retaliate against workers trying to organize, banning forced arbitration agreements that prevent workers from pursuing collective litigation, adopting a new set of employer guidelines to prevent employees from being misclassified as independent contractors, and ensuring that workers can bargain in the modern economy. In addition, the Public Service Freedom to Negotiate Act would provide essential protections for millions of public sector workers to organize and bargain collectively. By ensuring that employers are responsible to their workers during the pandemic, they can share the benefits of recovery as the economy opens back up.

Furthermore, policymakers must build worker protections into at-will employment and just-in-time scheduling to ensure fair labor and workplace standards.

6. Make permanent increases to the child tax credit and earned income tax credit

Two of the nation’s most effective anti-poverty tools, the child tax credit (CTC) and earned income tax credit (EITC), lifted 7.5 million Americans out of poverty in 2019.

Both programs provide a reliable source of income to parents, helping them meet immediate needs and plan for the future while making them more financially stable on a day-to-day basis. These programs also pay long-term dividends by improving infant and maternal health outcomes while boosting the educational, health, and income potential of future generations.

The American Rescue Plan Act was able to close some glaring holes within the tax credits by:

• Making the CTC fully refundable so low-income parents can get the full credit if their tax liability is less than their credit amount by paying them the difference
• Increasing the amount of the CTC to $3,600 for children under 6 and $3,000 for children ages 6 to 17
• Distributing the CTC monthly instead of all at once at tax time
• Nearly tripling the maximum EITC for workers who are not raising children in their home
• Revising the eligibility requirements to make EITC accessible to workers ages 19 to 24, as well as workers who are 65 and older
• Extending the credits or providing supplemental funding to Puerto Rico and other U.S. territories

However, these changes are temporary and will expire in 2022. Considering that the changes to the CTC alone were estimated to lift nearly 4 million children out of poverty, the best way to ensure that these credits continue to support low-wage workers and families with children is to make them permanent. Policymakers must also make the CTC as accessible as possible by removing barriers for immigrant families.

7. Support pay equity to create a fair labor market

Equal pay ensures that workers are paid fairly. In 2019, women working full time, year-round earned just 82 cents for every $1 earned by their male counterparts. This pay gap is even worse for women of color: For every dollar earned by white, non-Hispanic men in 2019, Black women earned 63 cents, Native women earned 60 cents, and Latinas earned 55 cents. And while Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) women, on average, earned 85 percent of what white, non-Hispanic men earned, there were much wider gaps for many AAPI sub-populations. Disabled women also struggle with a pay gap, receiving 80 cents for every dollar earned by men with disabilities. If women in this country received equal pay to men, poverty for working women would be reduced by half and $512.6 billion would be added to the economy through additional wages.

What’s more, equal pay is essential to helping workers attain the stability and savings necessary to weather current and future crises. The pandemic has stalled women’s economic progress, as a lack of access to child care and paid leave, coupled with mass job losses, has forced many women out of the workforce entirely, exacerbating the gender wage gap. For example, mothers of young children have lost jobs at three times the rate of fathers during the crisis. This is on top of ever-present compounding factors such as bias and discrimination that may deflate women’s earnings.

Passing the Paycheck Fairness Act would enhance existing equal pay protections, further combat discriminatory practices, and better hold employers accountable for pay discrimination. Pandemic or not, securing equal pay has always been essential to the economic security of women and families.

8. Invest in affordable, high-quality child care and early childhood education

More than half of all Americans live in a child care desert, where child care shortages lead to waiting lists, job disruptions, and fewer mothers in the paid labor force. Child care in the United States is prohibitively expensive, with infant and toddler care often costing between $800 and $1,230 a month. While there are subsidies for low-income families, in most states, they reach fewer than 1 in 10 eligible children under the age of 6. As a result, low-income families can spend more than one-third of their income on child care just to be able to work.

Not surprisingly, the pandemic has eviscerated child care across the United States. About 700,000 parents left the workforce in 2020 to care for young children who were not able to go to school or have access to child care. Since then, only half of the nearly 400,000 child care jobs lost at the start of the pandemic have returned, leading to a 144 percent increase in the number of parents who have missed work to care for children compared with 2019.

The $39 billion for subsidized child care that was already included in the American Rescue Plan will help providers recover from a year of unprecedented revenue losses, but additional funding is needed to expand these services to everyone who needs them. The American Families Plan would make significant investments in universal preschool for 3- and 4-year-olds, which would help more struggling families obtain the child care they need to work, better meeting their families’ basic needs and building future economic stability. The plan would also cap child care costs for low- and moderate-income families at 7 percent of their income, making it far more affordable and manageable as they juggle other needs.

Another bill currently introduced in Congress, the Child Care for Working Families Act (CCWFA), would ensure free or affordable child care for 76 percent of working families with children under the age of 6, expanding quality care for millions of families. As Congress deliberates future funding, it must invest in affordable, high-quality child care and early education, providing parents with the means to foster family security and healthy child development.

9. Expand access to health care

Since it was signed into law in 2010, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) has expanded access to high-quality, affordable health coverage for millions of Americans, especially those with preexisting conditions. Today, 31 million Americans are enrolled in coverage through the ACA marketplaces or the law’s expansion of Medicaid. However, 12 states continue to refuse to expand their Medicaid programs to cover adults making up to 138 percent of the federal poverty guideline—placing a heavy burden on families already on the brink. About 2.2 million uninsured people are without an affordable option for health insurance because they live in nonexpansion states and have incomes too low to qualify for marketplace premium tax credits.

Expanding Medicaid would mean more than just access to health care; it would give people financial protection from unexpected medical costs and free up limited household income for other basic needs such as paying rent and putting food on the table. Increases in Medicaid enrollment are associated with reduced rates of medical debt and other unpaid bills among low-income individuals. Studies also link Medicaid coverage to improved access to health care services, greater financial security, lower mortality rates, reduced racial health care disparities, and lower rates of eviction.

While the American Rescue Plan included increased federal Medicaid funding for two years as an incentive to encourage more states to expand their programs, it is unlikely that the remaining nonexpansion states will take up this option. Congress has an opportunity to enact federal policies that ensure people in the Medicaid coverage gap can gain access to affordable, comprehensive health insurance.

10. Reform the criminal justice system and enact policies that support successful reentry

Robust changes are needed to restructure and reform a U.S. criminal justice system that incarcerates more of its citizens than any other country in the world, holding about 2.3 million people in prisons, jails, and other correctional facilities. If not for the rapid increase in mass incarceration since 1980, poverty rates would have dropped by 20 percent by 2009. The impact on communities of color is particularly staggering: Black and Latino men are, respectively, 6 times and 2.5 times more likely to be incarcerated than white men; and Black and Latina women are, respectively, 1.7 times and 1.3 times more likely to be incarcerated than white women. Likewise, Native Americans are incarcerated at more than twice the rate of white Americans.

Mass incarceration is a key cause and consequence of poverty. When a person is incarcerated, their family must find a way to make ends meet without a necessary source of income. Additionally, even a minor criminal record or an arrest without a conviction can prevent an individual from getting a job, housing, or certain benefits, contributing to cycles of multigenerational poverty. Currently, there are more than 44,000 legal sanctions that create barriers to housing for people with criminal records. Moreover, various restrictions prohibit justice-involved individuals’ access to SNAP and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) benefits if they have prior felony drug convictions, unless additional requirements are fulfilled. This can include being required to wait for months after completion of a sentence to be considered eligible or to participate in mandatory periodic drug testing, both of which are unnecessary obstacles that hinder successful reentry.

Sentencing reform is essential to addressing mass incarceration. Policymakers should also implement clean slate laws, which help expand access to automated criminal record clearing, and explore alternatives to incarceration, such as diversion programs for individuals with mental health and substance abuse challenges. Additionally, it is critical to review the role of policing in public safety, health, and well-being. There has been a recent move across the nation to divert away from police certain health, public safety, and community care emergency responses and funds—such as responding to people experiencing a mental health crisis—that better fit agencies and social workers. Barriers to employment, housing, education, and public assistance must also be removed. A decades-old criminal record should not consign an individual to a life of poverty.

11. Invest in affordable, accessible housing

One in 4 renter households in the United States is extremely low income, and half of renters are moderately or severely cost-burdened, meaning that they pay more than a third to half of their income on rent and utilities.

Overall, Native American, Black, and Latinx renters are more likely to be extremely low income. A long history of racially targeted policies has worsened housing security for people of color, who are more cost-burdened and face more discrimination in obtaining and maintaining housing. Facing and experiencing eviction, which also disproportionately affects communities of color—and Black women in particular—can lead to negative mental and physical health outcomes, difficulty obtaining future housing, and exacerbated financial hardship, all of which can fuel cycles of multigenerational poverty.

Disparities have persisted during the pandemic, as renters of color and disabled renters report higher rates of housing insecurity. These and other measures of housing insecurity contribute to the ongoing homelessness crises and continue to put the most vulnerable community members at risk. Rates of homelessness, and particularly chronic homelessness, are on the rise. The 2020 point-in-time count conducted by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development estimated that more than 580,000 people experience homelessness on any given night, a number that is likely a vast undercount. Strikingly, of those experiencing homelessness, nearly 25 percent are people with disabilities.

Investments in permanent housing programs, such as Housing First and a national Homes Guarantee, should be supported to provide a path for people experiencing homelessness or living in transitional housing to obtain and maintain long-term, stable housing, while also addressing the shortage of more than 7 million affordable housing units.

Policymakers should also increase renter protections by guaranteeing a right to counsel, investing in tenant-landlord mediation, regulating the use of background checks in rental housing applications, and making the Housing Choice Voucher and rental assistance programs an entitlement that does not sunset. Furthermore, policymakers should prohibit source-of-income discrimination, which creates barriers to obtaining rental housing for households that receive housing vouchers. To further prevent housing discrimination and build more inclusive communities, the disparate impact rule under the Fair Housing Act should be reinstated alongside the revised Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing rule, which is currently set to go into effect at the end of July.

12. Modernize the Supplemental Security Insurance program

Supplemental Security Insurance (SSI) is an essential anti-poverty program for the disability community, providing monthly cash assistance for those with little or no income and assets. Nearly 8 million people received benefits in May 2021, and in 2019, 57 percent of recipients reported SSI being their sole source of income. However, little has been done to maintain this program, leaving millions of disabled people farther and farther behind.

Numerous policy adjustments could update SSI and help pull the disability community out of poverty. Raising the minimum benefit to at least the poverty level is a great first step. In 2021, the maximum benefit for individuals was raised to $794 per month, which is well below the federal poverty guideline of $1,073 per month. Asset limits also need to be increased, as they have not been updated since 1989. Currently, individuals and couples are allowed limits of $2,000 and $3,000, respectively, in assets, such as money in joint or personal bank accounts, investments in stocks or bonds, and life insurance policies with a total face value of more than $1,500. Asset limits have become deadly poverty traps, particularly in times of disaster such as the pandemic, as they prevent recipients from being able to save, forcing them into economic precarity. Other rule changes, including the elimination of penalties for in-kind support from family and friends and an update to income disregards that have not been changed since the program began in 1974 would go a long way toward ensuring that this program remains a strong safety net for disabled adults and children.

The continued disinvestment in SSI has essentially reduced its efficacy, putting disabled people on the brink of poverty and destitution. Prioritizing the economic security of such marginalized communities helps ensure the security of all communities. Congress must act now to help the disability community not only weather the pandemic but also build a stable financial future.

Conclusion

It is possible for America to dramatically cut poverty. From 1959 to 1973, a strong economy, along with investments in family economic security, helped cut the U.S. poverty rate in half. Investments in nutrition assistance have resulted in improvements in educational attainment, food insecurity, and health outcomes. Expansions of public health insurance have contributed to lower infant mortality rates and better overall health and health care access for children at a reduced out-of-pocket cost. Rental assistance programs have been shown to decrease stress, eviction, and homelessness among low-income renters. And expansions in tax credits for poor families have helped boost incomes for the next generation, on top of improving educational and health outcomes.

Poverty is preventable. America has the power and ability to ensure that all people residing within its borders can build financial stability and live their lives with dignity. The policy priorities detailed above are essential for preventing poverty and promoting economic opportunity for all. As a nation, we simply need to build the political will to enact these intersectional policies so that all residents can attain their American dream.