Adolescent fertility rate in Malaysia from 2012 to 2021 (per 1,000 women)

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Introduction

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of 17 global goals established by the United Nations in 2015. These goals aim to address various social, economic, and environmental challenges faced by countries around the world. The SDGs provide a framework for sustainable development and serve as a roadmap for creating a better future for all.

Goal 1: No Poverty

1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. Implement social protection systems
3. Promote sustainable agriculture

Goal 2: Zero Hunger

1. Achieve food security and improved nutrition
2. Promote sustainable agriculture
3. Invest in rural infrastructure

Goal 3: Good Health and Well-being

1. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all
2. Reduce maternal and child mortality
3. Combat communicable diseases

Goal 4: Quality Education

1. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education
2. Promote lifelong learning opportunities
3. Enhance educational infrastructure

Goal 5: Gender Equality

1. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
2. End all forms of discrimination against women and girls
3. Ensure access to reproductive health services

Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation

1. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
2. Improve water quality and wastewater treatment
3. Protect and restore water-related ecosystems

Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy

1. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all
2. Promote renewable energy sources
3. Enhance energy efficiency

Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth

1. Promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth
2. Create decent work opportunities for all
3. Strengthen the capacity of domestic financial institutions

Goal 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure

1. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization
2. Foster innovation and research and development
3. Upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries for sustainability

Goal 10: Reduced Inequalities

1. Reduce inequality within and among countries
2. Promote social, economic, and political inclusion
3. Facilitate safe and responsible migration

Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities

1. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable
2. Provide access to affordable and sustainable housing
3. Strengthen urban planning and management

Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production

1. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
2. Promote sustainable public procurement practices
3. Minimize waste generation and promote recycling

Goal 13: Climate Action

1. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
2. Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards
3. Integrate climate change measures into policies and planning

Goal 14: Life Below Water

1. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources
2. Prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution
3. Protect and restore marine ecosystems

Goal 15: Life on Land

1. Protect, restore, and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems
2. Sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt biodiversity loss
3. Promote the sustainable management of land resources

Goal 16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions

1. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development
2. Strengthen the rule of law and access to justice
3. Combat corruption and illicit financial flows

Goal 17: Partnerships for the Goals

1. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development
2. Enhance international cooperation for sustainable development
3. Promote effective public, private, and civil society partnerships

SDGs, Targets, and Indicators

1. Which SDGs are addressed or connected to the issues highlighted in the article?

• SDG 1: No Poverty
• SDG 2: Zero Hunger
• SDG 3: Good Health and Well-being
• SDG 4: Quality Education
• SDG 5: Gender Equality
• SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation
• SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth
• SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities
• SDG 13: Climate Action
• SDG 16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions

2. What specific targets under those SDGs can be identified based on the article’s content?

• Target 1.2: By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women, and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions.
• Target 2.1: By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular, the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious, and sufficient food all year round.
• Target 3.3: By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases, and other communicable diseases.
• Target 4.1: By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable, and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes.
• Target 5.1: End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere.
• Target 6.1: By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all.
• Target 8.5: By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value.
• Target 10.2: By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic, and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion, or economic or other status.
• Target 13.3: Improve education, awareness-raising, and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction, and early warning.
• Target 16.1: Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere.

3. Are there any indicators mentioned or implied in the article that can be used to measure progress towards the identified targets?

• Indicator 1.2.1: Proportion of population living below the national poverty line, by urban/rural areas.
• Indicator 2.1.2: Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the population, based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES).
• Indicator 3.3.2: Tuberculosis incidence per 100,000 population.
• Indicator 4.1.1: Proportion of children and young people (a) in grades 2/3; (b) at the end of primary; and (c) at the end of lower secondary achieving at least a minimum proficiency level in (i) reading and (ii) mathematics, by sex.
• Indicator 5.1.1: Whether or not legal frameworks are in place to promote, enforce, and monitor equality and non-discrimination on the basis of sex.
• Indicator 6.1.1: Proportion of the population using safely managed drinking water services.
• Indicator 8.5.1: Average hourly earnings of female and male employees, by occupation, age group, and persons with disabilities.
• Indicator 10.2.1: Proportion of people living below 50 percent of median income, by age, sex, and persons with disabilities.
• Indicator 13.3.2: Number of countries that have integrated mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction, and early warning measures into primary, secondary, and tertiary curricula.
• Indicator 16.1.1: Number of victims of intentional homicide per 100,000 population, by sex and age.

4. SDGs, Targets, and Indicators Table