Heavy metal exposure may increase cardiovascular disease risk, study finds | CNN

The Relationship Between Heavy Metals and Cardiovascular Disease

Exposure to heavy metals has been linked to cancer, neurological harms, and reproductive or developmental issues. Now, a new study is adding to emerging research showing that exposure to metals such as cadmium, uranium, and copper may also be associated with the leading cause of death worldwide — cardiovascular disease.

Metal exposure — that can result from sources such as cigarette smoking, drinking water, pollution, and some foods or consumer products — is associated with the accumulation of calcium in the coronary arteries, according to the study published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

“The magnitudes of these associations are striking, as they are comparable to those observed for classical … risk factors” such as smoking and diabetes, wrote cardiologists Drs. Sadeer Al-Kindi and Khurram Nasir of Houston Methodist and Dr. Sanjay Rajagopalan of University Hospitals Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute in Cleveland in an accompanying editorial comment on the study. The three experts weren’t involved in the research.

Coronary calcium buildup causes atherosclerosis, a chronic and inflammatory cardiovascular disease marked by narrowed arterial walls and reduced blood flow. Partial or full blockages of the arteries can lead to conditions such as stroke and coronary heart disease, which can cause arrhythmia, cardiac arrest, or heart failure.

“Our findings highlight the importance of considering metal exposure as a significant risk factor for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease,” said lead study author Dr. Katlyn E. McGraw, a postdoctoral research scientist in environmental health sciences at Columbia University’s Mailman School of Public Health, in a news release.

The Relationship Between Heavy Metals and Heart Health

The team analyzed data from 6,418 adults who were between ages 45 and 84 and had participated in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Between July 2000 and August 2002, participants provided urine samples, and their arterial calcium was measured then and four more times over a 10-year period. The participants didn’t already have clinical cardiovascular disease and were recruited from Baltimore; Chicago; Los Angeles; New York City; St. Paul, Minnesota; and Winston Salem, North Carolina.

A normal coronary artery calcium score is zero, which means there is no calcification in the arteries, while scores from one to 99 indicate mild proof of coronary artery disease. At the study’s start, the median coronary artery calcium level was 6.3.

Compared with participants with the least urinary cadmium, the calcification levels of those with the most urinary cadmium were 51% higher at the beginning of the study and 75% higher over the 10-year period, the authors found.

High urinary tungsten, uranium, and cobalt levels were associated with 45%, 39%, and 47% higher coronary calcification levels over the follow-up period, respectively. For those with the highest amounts of urinary copper and zinc, calcification levels increased by 33% and 57% over 10 years, respectively.

All these findings remained after the authors considered sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle aspects, and cardiovascular risk factors such as diabetes, high cholesterol, blood pressure, and blood pressure medications.

The study may help cardiologists continue to tackle a “new frontier” in assessing and treating patients’ heart health, said cardiologist Dr. Andrew Freeman, director of cardiovascular prevention and wellness at National Jewish Health in Denver, who wasn’t involved in the research.

“When you go see your doctor, they’re going to check your blood pressure, age, weight, cholesterol (and) diabetes,” Freeman said. “It’s not like your doctor says, ‘Oh, I’m going to measure a copper or a manganese or a cadmium level, right?’ So that may become what we do in the future.”

However, although the study shows association, it doesn’t establish causation, Al-Kindi, Nasir, and Rajagopalan wrote in the editorial comment.

“The potential mechanisms by which these metals might promote atherosclerosis progression thus remain to be elucidated,” they added. However, the study authors think the presence of heavy metals could drive the hardening of arteries partly via increased inflammation.

The Trouble with Measuring Urinary Metal Levels

The study has a few other limitations. Urinary metal assessments were conducted largely only at the beginning of the study, which may not fully capture long-term exposure patterns, Al-Kindi, Nasir, and Rajagopalan wrote.

However, urinary cadmium is generally a strong measure of long-term exposure with low variability over time, the authors said.

“The study team received a grant to measure urinary metals among all participants at baseline and among 10% of participants at visit 5 in the Multi Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis,” McGraw said via email. The main findings are based on urine measured only at the beginning, while a secondary analysis on that small subset of participants revealed consistent yet insignificant findings.

“Unfortunately, exposure biomonitoring is expensive and we do not currently have funding to measure exposure biomarkers over the 10-year period,” McGraw added. Testing the urine samples partly required shipping them frozen on dry ice both to a biobank and then to a laboratory at Columbia, as well as types of preparation and measuring on different days for the purpose of precision.

“The team has applied for more research funding to be able to measure the metals over the 10-year period,” McGraw added, “but this will take a few years even if the grant application is successful.”

Limiting Your Exposure to Heavy Metals

The study supports the need for large-scale public health action, Al-Kindi, Nasir, and Rajagopalan said.

That includes lowering “acceptable limits of metals in air and water and improving enforcement of metal pollution reduction, particularly in communities experiencing disproportionate exposures,” they added. “Public health measures that have reduced metal exposure have been associated with reductions in cardiovascular disease mortality.”

In addition to metal exposure from air and drinking water, widespread cadmium, tungsten, uranium, cobalt, copper, and zinc pollution comes from agricultural and industrial uses such as fertilizers, batteries, oil production, mining, and nuclear energy production, according to the study.

Knowing these sources, some of which are known determinants of cardiovascular disease, “one of the questions is, is it the metals (possibly causing the problem), or is it the things the metals are found in?” Freeman said. It could be a combination of both, which will be hard to tease out, he added.

The most important measures for reducing metal exposure need to come from policymakers, but there are some ways you can try, McGraw said — including quitting smoking or vaping, testing your drinking water, and using water filters if needed.

Living a healthy lifestyle with a nutritious, balanced diet and exercise could help limit your exposure or mitigate the potential effects of metals, experts said.

There has also been mixed research on whether chelation therapy, which removes some metals from the body, is beneficial for heart disease and other cardiovascular issues, Freeman and McGraw said.

If your job exposes you to metals, “the appropriate personal protective equipment is critical,” Freeman said. Such equipment may include masks and specially engineered garments and goggles to protect your skin and eyes.

SDGs, Targets, and Indicators

SDGs Addressed:

1. SDG 3: Good Health and Well-being
2. SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation
3. SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities
4. SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production
5. SDG 13: Climate Action
6. SDG 15: Life on Land

Targets Identified:

• Target 3.4: By 2030, reduce by one-third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being.
• Target 6.3: By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping, and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials.
• Target 11.6: By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management.
• Target 12.4: By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle, in accordance with agreed international frameworks, and significantly reduce their release to air, water, and soil to minimize their adverse impacts on human health and the environment.
• Target 13.3: Improve education, awareness-raising, and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction, and early warning.
• Target 15.9: By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies, and accounts.

Indicators:

• Indicator 3.4.1: Mortality rate attributed to cardiovascular disease.
• Indicator 6.3.2: Proportion of bodies of water with good ambient water quality.
• Indicator 11.6.1: Proportion of urban solid waste regularly collected and with adequate final discharge out of total urban solid waste generated, by cities.
• Indicator 12.4.2: Hazardous waste generated per capita and proportion of hazardous waste treated, by type of treatment.
• Indicator 13.3.1: Number of countries that have integrated mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction, and early warning into primary, secondary, and tertiary curricula.
• Indicator 15.9.1: Progress towards national targets established in accordance with Aichi Biodiversity Target 2 of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020.

Analysis

1. Which SDGs are addressed or connected to the issues highlighted in the article?

The issues highlighted in the article are connected to the following SDGs:

• SDG 3: Good Health and Well-being – The article discusses the link between metal exposure and cardiovascular disease, which is a major health concern.
• SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation – The article mentions that metal exposure can come from sources such as drinking water, highlighting the importance of water quality.
• SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities – The article emphasizes the need for reducing metal pollution in communities to protect public health.
• SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production – The article mentions the sources of metal pollution, including industrial uses and mining, which are related to consumption and production patterns.
• SDG 13: Climate Action – The article suggests that metal exposure may be influenced by environmental factors, such as air pollution and mining, which are connected to climate change.
• SDG 15: Life on Land – The article highlights the impact of metal exposure on ecosystems and biodiversity, indicating the need to integrate these values into planning and development processes.

2. What specific targets under those SDGs can be identified based on the article’s content?

Based on the article’s content, the following specific targets can be identified:

• Target 3.4: By 2030, reduce by one-third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being. Metal exposure and its association with cardiovascular disease align with this target.
• Target 6.3: By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping, and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials. The mention of metal exposure through drinking water highlights the importance of this target.
• Target 11.6: By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management. The article emphasizes the need to reduce metal pollution in communities.
• Target 12.4: By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle, in accordance with agreed international frameworks, and significantly reduce their release to air, water, and soil to minimize their adverse impacts on human health and the environment. The article mentions the sources of metal pollution and the need for proper management.
• Target 13.3: Improve education, awareness-raising, and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction, and early warning. The mention of metal exposure being influenced by environmental factors connects to this target.
• Target 15.9: By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies, and accounts. The impact of metal exposure on ecosystems and biodiversity highlights the relevance of this target.

3. Are there any indicators mentioned or implied in the article that can be used to measure progress towards the identified targets?

Yes, there are indicators mentioned or implied in the article that can be used to measure progress towards the identified targets:

• Indicator 3.4.1: Mortality rate attributed to cardiovascular disease – This indicator can measure progress towards Target 3.4 of reducing premature mortality from non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular disease.
• Indicator 6.3.2: Proportion of bodies of water with good ambient water quality – This indicator can measure progress towards Target 6.3 of improving water quality and reducing pollution, including the presence of metals in water sources.
• Indicator 11.6.1: Proportion of urban solid waste regularly collected and with adequate final discharge out of total urban solid waste generated, by cities – This indicator can measure progress towards Target 11.6 of reducing the adverse environmental impact of cities, including proper waste management to prevent metal pollution.
• Indicator 12.4.2: Hazardous waste generated per capita and proportion of hazardous waste treated, by type of treatment – This indicator can measure progress towards Target 12.4 of achieving environmentally sound management of chemicals and wastes, including hazardous metals.
• Indicator 13.3.1: Number of countries that have integrated mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction, and early warning into primary, secondary, and tertiary curricula – This indicator can measure progress towards Target 13.3 of improving education and awareness on climate change, including the impact of metal exposure influenced by environmental factors.
• Indicator 15.9.1: Progress towards national targets established in accordance with Aichi Biodiversity Target 2 of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 – This indicator can measure progress towards Target 15.9 of integrating ecosystem and biodiversity values into planning and development processes, considering the impact of metal exposure on ecosystems and biodiversity.

Table: SDGs, Targets, and Indicators

Source: cnn.com