Rising Global Temperatures: The Urgency of Mitigation Strategies

The Hottest Days on Record: A Warming Planet

The hottest days on record have occurred more frequently in recent years, underscoring the reality of a warming planet. On July 21, 2024, the average global temperature reached 17.09°C (62.76°F), breaking the previous record set just a year prior on July 6, 2023, at 17.08°C (62.74°F). The trend continued the next day, as July 22, 2024, also saw record-breaking temperatures. These escalating temperatures signal the urgency of addressing climate change as extreme heatwaves become more common.

Rising global temperatures are primarily driven by human activities that increase greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. Key contributors include burning fossil fuels for energy and transportation, which releases significant amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2).

Additionally, deforestation reduces the number of trees that can absorb CO2, while industrial processes and agricultural practices, such as livestock farming and fertilizer use, emit potent greenhouse gases like methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Land use changes, including urbanization, disrupt natural carbon and energy balances, further exacerbating warming.

Fossil fuel energy production, waste management practices that produce methane from landfills, and vehicle emissions also contribute to the greenhouse effect. Although natural factors like volcanic activity and solar variability can influence climate, their impact is relatively minor compared to human-induced factors.

The Consequences of Rising Temperatures

The effects of rising global temperatures are broad and impact the environment and society. Some of the key consequences include:

• Melting Ice Caps and Rising Sea Levels: Melting ice in polar regions leads to rising sea levels, which can result in coastal flooding and erosion.
• Extreme Weather Events: Increased global temperatures have been linked to more frequent and intense hurricanes, heatwaves, droughts, and heavy rainfall.
• Ocean Warming and Acidification: As oceans warm, marine life is disrupted, causing coral bleaching and threatening biodiversity.
• Health Risks: Extreme heat leads to increased heat-related illnesses, and poor air quality exacerbates respiratory issues. Warmer temperatures also facilitate the spread of diseases such as malaria and dengue fever.
• Food and Water Security: Climate change alters precipitation patterns, disrupts agriculture, and threatens food supplies. This leads to food shortages, price increases, and water scarcity in some regions.
• Economic Costs: The economic toll includes damage to infrastructure, rising energy costs, and losses in the agriculture and tourism industries.

These consequences highlight the need for urgent action to mitigate climate change and adapt to its impacts.

Mitigating Climate Change: Realistic Strategies

Climate change mitigation strategies focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing carbon sinks. Here’s a closer look at the strategies and their feasibility:

Renewable Energy

Investing in renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydropower, and geothermal is a proven approach to reducing emissions. Countries like Germany and Denmark have already demonstrated that large-scale renewable adoption is feasible. However, the transition requires substantial investments in infrastructure and resolving challenges like energy storage and grid modernization.

• Realism: High but with challenges, particularly regarding the intermittency of renewable energy and the costs of grid upgrades.

Energy Efficiency

Improving energy efficiency in buildings, appliances, and industrial processes is one of the most cost-effective ways to reduce emissions. Technologies such as LED lighting, better insulation, and energy-efficient appliances are widely available and can be implemented quickly.

• Realism: High. Energy efficiency offers quick returns on investment and is widely adopted in many sectors.

Electric Vehicles (EVs)

The shift to EVs is gaining momentum globally, with governments setting ambitious targets to phase out internal combustion engines. However, widespread adoption requires extensive charging infrastructure and advances in battery technology.

• Realism: Moderate to High. While EV adoption is increasing, challenges remain in scaling infrastructure and ensuring sustainable battery production.

Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry

Adopting sustainable farming practices and increasing reforestation efforts can significantly reduce emissions from the agricultural sector. These practices are essential for improving soil health, sequestering carbon, and preserving biodiversity. However, implementation varies across regions due to economic pressures and land use conflicts.

• Realism: Moderate. While sustainable agriculture grows, global adoption faces challenges due to varying regional practices and economic conditions.

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

Carbon capture and storage technology aims to trap and store CO2 emissions before they enter the atmosphere. Despite promising pilot projects, CCS remains expensive and technologically challenging to scale.

• Realism: Moderate. CCS processes require significant energy, which can reduce power plants’ overall efficiency. CCS is sometimes viewed with skepticism because it can be seen as a way to prolong the use of fossil fuels. However, it is also recognized as essential for sectors where emissions are hard to eliminate, such as cement and steel production.

Carbon Pricing

Through mechanisms like carbon taxes and cap-and-trade systems, carbon pricing has effectively incentivized emission reductions where implemented, such as in the European Union and Canada. However, political resistance and concerns about economic impacts can hinder broader adoption.

• Realism: Moderate. While effective in some regions, political and economic concerns limit global implementation.

Global Agreements and Behavioral Changes

International agreements like the Paris Agreement demonstrate global consensus on mitigating climate change. However, enforcement and accountability remain critical, especially as some countries struggle to meet their targets.

Individually, behavioral changes such as reducing meat consumption, minimizing waste, and adopting eco-friendly habits contribute to emissions reductions. Though cultural and economic factors may slow progress, public awareness campaigns and incentives for sustainable behavior can help drive these changes.

• Realism: Moderate. Changing behaviors on a global scale is challenging but achievable through sustained education, policy incentives, and cultural shifts.

The Role of Businesses in Climate Mitigation

Businesses are essential in the fight against climate change, particularly by reducing emissions, investing in sustainability, and driving innovation. Companies can implement energy efficiency measures, transition to renewable energy, and adopt sustainable supply chain practices. Setting ambitious sustainability goals, engaging employees, and reporting progress through sustainability reports help maintain accountability and transparency.

• Realism: High for leading sectors, though some industries face more significant challenges, such as oil and gas and heavy manufacturing. However, corporate leadership is a key driver of broader sustainability efforts.

The Path Forward

Mitigating climate change is an urgent and complex challenge that requires a multifaceted approach. While some strategies, such as renewable energy and energy efficiency, are highly feasible, others face significant hurdles. The success of these efforts will depend on global cooperation, technological innovation, and the willingness of governments, businesses, and individuals to act decisively.

How can the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) enhance the effectiveness of climate change mitigation strategies?

SDGs, Targets, and Indicators

1. SDG 13: Climate Action

   • Target 13.1: Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters
   • Target 13.2: Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies, and planning
   • Target 13.3: Improve education, awareness-raising, and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction, and early warning
   • Target 13.4: Implement the commitment undertaken by developed countries to mobilize $100 billion annually for climate action in developing countries by 2020
   • Target 13.5: Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing states
   • Target 13.6: Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing states
   • Target 13.a: Implement the commitment undertaken by developed countries to mobilize $100 billion annually for climate action in developing countries by 2020
   • Target 13.b: Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing states
   • Indicator 13.1.1: Number of deaths, missing persons, and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 population
   • Indicator 13.2.1: Number of countries that have integrated mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction, and early warning into primary, secondary, and tertiary curricula
   • Indicator 13.3.1: Number of countries that have communicated the strengthening of institutional, systemic, and individual capacity-building to implement adaptation, mitigation, and technology transfer
   • Indicator 13.a.1: Mobilized amount of United States dollars per year between 2020 and 2024 accountable towards the $100 billion commitment
   • Indicator 13.b.1: Number of least developed countries and small island developing states that are receiving specialized support, and amount of support, including finance, technology, and capacity-building, for mechanisms for raising capacities for effective climate change-related planning and management

2. SDG 14: Life Below Water

   • Target 14.2: Sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, and take action for their restoration in order to achieve healthy and productive oceans
   • Target 14.3: Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels
   • Target 14.7: Increase the economic benefits to small island developing states and least developed countries from the sustainable use of marine resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture, and tourism
   • Indicator 14.2.1: Proportion of national exclusive economic zones managed using ecosystem-based approaches
   • Indicator 14.3.1: Average marine acidity (pH) measured at agreed suite of representative sampling stations
   • Indicator 14.7.1: Sustainable fisheries as a proportion of GDP in small island developing states, least developed countries, and all countries

3. SDG 15: Life on Land

   • Target 15.1: By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration, and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains, and drylands, in line with obligations under international agreements
   • Target 15.2: By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests, and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally
   • Target 15.5: Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity, and protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species
   • Target 15.9: By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies, and accounts
   • Indicator 15.1.1: Forest area as a proportion of total land area
   • Indicator 15.2.1: Progress towards sustainable forest management
   • Indicator 15.5.1: Red List Index
   • Indicator 15.9.1: Progress towards national targets established in accordance with Aichi Biodiversity Target 2 of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020

4. SDG 2: Zero Hunger

   • Target 2.4: By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding, and other disasters, and that progressively improve land and soil quality
   • Target 2.5: By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants, farmed and domesticated animals, and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional, and international levels, and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed
   • Indicator 2.4.1: Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture
   • Indicator 2.5.1: Number of plant and animal genetic resources for food and agriculture secured in either medium or long-term conservation facilities

5. SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation

   • Target 6.4: By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity
   • Indicator 6.4.1: Change in water-use efficiency over time

6. SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities

   • Target 11.2: By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible, and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with disabilities, and older persons
   • Target 11.7: By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive, and accessible, green, and public spaces, in particular for women and children, older persons, and persons with disabilities
   • Indicator 11.2.1: Proportion of population that has convenient access to public transport, by sex, age, and persons with disabilities
   • Indicator 11.7.1: Average share of the built-up area of cities that is open space for public use for all, by sex, age, and persons with disabilities

Table: SDGs, Targets, and Indicators

Source: environmentenergyleader.com