Advancing shared prosperity through biodiversity-friendly trade

With the right policy and governance approach, sustainable trade can flourish and, in turn, nourish the very biodiversity on which it relies.

Biodiversity is declining at an alarming rate, with one million species at risk of extinction.

Trade can help protect biodiversity by promoting sustainability across the entire value chain.

Implementing “BioTrade” principles and criteria is key to safeguarding economic and social benefits on a healthy planet.

With one million species currently at risk of extinction, the state of global biodiversity loss spells trouble for nature and economies.

The impact of losing bees and other wild pollinators, fisheries and forestry – just a fraction of natural resources at risk – could reduce global GDP by an estimated $2.7 trillion annually by 2030, according to World Bank simulations.

Kicking off the 7th BioTrade Congress in Geneva, UNCTAD and partners gave a renewed push for stronger trade policies and governance to help tackle the biodiversity crisis.

“Let us trade, yes, but let us trade in a way that enriches our forests, revitalizes our oceans and purifies our air,” UNCTAD Secretary-General Rebeca Grynspan said as she opened the meeting on 25 March.

“Let us ‘BioTrade’, with the right support for that to happen,” the secretary-general added.

Why ‘BioTrade’ matters

Valued at $3.7 trillion, products with a biological origin represented 17% of global exports in 2021, according to the Trade and Biodiversity (TraBio) statistical tool, UNCTAD’s database that measures the international trade of biodiversity-based products.

The economic stakes are even higher for low-income economies, with the share often surpassing 40% of their exports during the past decade.

Since launching the BioTrade Initiative in 1996, UNCTAD has supported more than 80 countries to promote trade in line with environmental, social and economic criteria.

The initiative provides a set of guidelines to bolster sustainable development in its three dimensions across the entire value chain.

These entail a dual focus on people and biodiversity, spotlighting core elements such as conservation, sustainable use, the fair and equitable sharing of benefits, and community empowerment.

Equally important, meeting participants said, are the need for collaborative action, the promotion of sustainable livelihoods and legal compliance.

“We need to mobilize stakeholders at different levels and move the needle on reversing trends that are eroding the very basis of our human existence”, said Monica Rubiolo, head of trade promotion at the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO), which has supported the BioTrade initiative for almost two decades.

Win-win for people, planet and economies

Biodiversity is the natural capital base for a sustainable economy. By aligning with the BioTrade principles and criteria, developing countries can diversify exports, conserve biodiversity and improve the livelihoods of local communities.

Take South Africa for example, where efforts to implement the initiative have created over 3,700 jobs, boosted local sales by 51%, and increased export sales by 178%.

In Peru, trade of native superfoods – mostly plant-based but also some fish and dairy with high nutrition – generate around $500 million annually.

Additionally, Indonesia saw exports of biodiversity-based products soar by a third in 2021 alone, representing more than 36% of the country’s total exports, and close to 10% of its GDP.

How BioTrade Congress makes a difference

The congress series, first created in 2012, helps mainstream biodiversity into global trade discussions among governments, businesses, researchers and civil society representatives.

The meeting is also part of wider activities towards the 16th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity, as well as UNCTAD’s 60th anniversary (2024) and its 16th quadrennial conference, set for 2025.

“The Bio Trade Congress reminds us of the importance of putting people, societies and the environment before capital, by looking more closely at social and solidarity economy models to advance sustainable livelihoods,” said Chantal Line Carpentier, head of trade, environment, climate and sustainable development at UNCTAD.

Deliberations from the congress will support the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals, and the landmark Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, aimed at halting and reversing biodiversity loss by 2030.

SDGs, Targets, and Indicators in the Article

1. Which SDGs are addressed or connected to the issues highlighted in the article?

• SDG 14: Life Below Water – The article discusses the impact of biodiversity loss on oceans and fisheries.
• SDG 15: Life on Land – The article highlights the decline of biodiversity and the need to protect it.
• SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth – The article mentions the economic benefits of promoting trade in line with environmental criteria.

2. What specific targets under those SDGs can be identified based on the article’s content?

• SDG 14.2: By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, and take action for their restoration in order to achieve healthy and productive oceans.
• SDG 15.5: Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity, and protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species.
• SDG 8.4: Improve progressively, through 2030, global resource efficiency in consumption and production and endeavour to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation.

3. Are there any indicators mentioned or implied in the article that can be used to measure progress towards the identified targets?

• Indicator for SDG 14.2: Proportion of total water-related expenditure allocated to sustainable water resource management.
• Indicator for SDG 15.5: Red List Index, which measures trends in the overall extinction risk of species.
• Indicator for SDG 8.4: Domestic material consumption per capita, which measures the amount of raw materials used in an economy.

Table: SDGs, Targets, and Indicators

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Source: unctad.org

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