How will China impact the future of climate change? You might be surprised
This article explores China's growing and shifting policy structure towards climate change. Following the COP29 conference in Baku, China has made moves to overtake the US as a global leader on climate advocacy.
Eadyn Thompson
The two biggest climate polluters in the world are China and the United States.
The U.S. is preparing for a second presidential term for Donald Trump, who has called climate change a hoax and federal investments in climate solutions a "green new scam".
In China, it's a different story. China has made it clear it plans to be at the forefront of manufacturing climate solutions–and selling them around the globe.
China is the world's largest producer of renewable energy, now constructing almost two thirds of all large-scale wind and solar power, according to nonprofit Global Energy Monitor.
And China is spreading climate solution technologies across the developing world. Walk into an electric vehicle showroom in Colombia, the Dominican Republic, or Kenya these days, and the car on offer is likely made in China.
"They've set up a situation where it's good for them to sell clean energy technologies to the world," says Alex Wang, a professor of law at UCLA focused on Chinese climate policy. "It's very good economically, and it's good reputationally, and it's good environmentally."
But while China is now the largest producer and distributor of climate solutions technologies — a key moneymaker for its troubled economy — the country still gets more than half its power from coal. "Which happens to also be the dirtiest fossil fuel," says Li Shuo, director of the China climate hub at the Asia Society, a nonprofit.
As global leaders gather at the annual United Nations climate summit in Azerbaijan, countries see the U.S. under a lame-duck Biden administration with less clout. Meanwhile, China is signaling an increased role in climate diplomacy and continued leadership in international climate investments, despite its complicated relationship with coal.
China's steady, long-term investments in climate solutions will make it harder for the U.S. to compete in these industries, Li says. "The U.S. does not want to get into a table tennis game with China, because that game the U.S. cannot win," he says.
A Chery Exceed LX car is displayed at the Beijing auto show. Chinese electric vehicle companies like Chery are selling their cars across Latin America.
Good for the planet, and the Chinese economy
For the Chinese government and its private sector, investing in climate technologies makes business sense. China's economy is in a slowdown, but the country's climate and energy sector is a bright spot driving economic growth.
The Chinese government made investments 15 to 20 years ago in climate technologies that are paying off now, Wang says. "They dominate solar, wind, batteries, electric vehicles," he says.
In September alone, China installed about 20 gigawatts of solar energy, according to the Chinese government. That's enough electric power for about 3.6 million U.S. homes. In all of 2023 the U.S. added roughly the same amount of solar power - 19 gigawatts, according to the U.S. government.
Now China is making profits selling climate technologies like electric vehicles in Southeast Asian, African, and Latin American markets.
There's a business strategy and a diplomatic strategy here, Li says. In addition to being moneymakers, climate investments and technology sales help China build diplomatic ties.
In a speech at the U.N. climate summit in Azerbaijan, Chinese Vice Premier Ding Xuexiang said China mobilized more than $24 billion for developing countries since 2016 to help their response to climate change.
Li says China is signaling it will take more of a leadership role to ensure developing countries — which did the least to cause global warming — get much-needed climate funds.
Meanwhile, under Trump, the U.S is expected to retreat from climate diplomacy. Under his first term, Trump pulled the U.S. out of the global climate treaty, the Paris agreement. President Biden signed an order his first day in office returning the U.S. to the agreement. Climate experts expect Trump to remove the U.S. again.
The renewable energy plus coal equation
As part of the Paris climate treaty, countries have to announce targets to make deeper cuts to their own climate pollution by 2035. The hope is that all the pollution cuts combined will limit the world's warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius compared to average global temperatures from the late 1800s. Beyond that limit, extreme weather like heat waves and storms is expected to get far worse, scientists say.
For the world's biggest polluter, the size of China's pollution cuts will have global consequences, Li says. "It's really, I think, the single most important issue to decide whether the world has a chance to stay at 1.5 degrees," he says.
There are some good indicators China will make big cuts. In 2020 the country promised to build 1,200 gigawatts of renewable energy by 2030, roughly the same electricity generating capacity of the whole United States. China recently announced it reached the goal, six years ahead of schedule.
On the other hand, China has built many coal plants domestically in recent years, says Ye Huang, China researcher at Global Energy Monitor. Last year China was responsible for 95% of coal power construction that broke ground.
Still, she says, China isn't using all that planet-heating coal power to its full potential. Instead the country increasingly uses coal plants as backup when solar or wind plants aren't working, or when there is less hydropower available because of droughts, says Jeremy Wallace, professor of China studies at Johns Hopkins University.
"You might think that if you built a big power plant, you would run it all the time," Wallace says. "In fact, the average Chinese coal plant is run at about 50 percent capacity. That is, half the time it's operating and half the time it is not operating."
But there are regional forces pushing to maintain coal as a big part of China's energy mix, and keep millions of coal jobs. To meet climate goals, China will have to reckon with those forces, Li says.
"In this regard China is not that different from the United States. China has its own West Virginia," Li says. "You have local interests, you have important provinces that are heavily reliant on coal."
Many China energy experts expect China's climate pollution levels to peak maybe this year or next.
A global green race
Despite headwinds from coal interests, many climate experts are optimistic China will adopt an ambitious target for reducing climate pollution.
China's climate pollution is projected to rise only 0.2% this year, leading many to speculate its pollution levels will peak soon, maybe even next year. Wallace and Li expect China to announce a 2035 target that reduces climate pollution 25%-30% from the country's peak.
Whether the U.S. will announce its target in the remaining weeks of the Biden administration is unclear.
Li says an ambitious Chinese target would be a win for the planet, China's economy, and climate solution technology. "It will actually facilitate further growth and deployment of renewable energy and other clean technologies," Li says, "put China even further ahead of the global green economic race."
